The American Pageant Chapter 31 Part A The War to End War

Europe conflict Serb patriot killed heir to the Austria-Hungary throne Germany and Austria-Hungary sent message to Serbia Serbia backed by Russia set eyes on Germany Germany attacked France through Belgium Great Britain joined with France Gavrilo Princip Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Europe Before WWI

American Neutrality Both central and allied powers wanted US help Allies – German atrocities Central – relied on German-Americans Americans anti-German Against Kaiser Wilhelm II

American Economy In recession before WWI British and French need for product J.P Morgan loaned 2.3 billion Central powers complained Did not violate neutrality laws Could still trade with US British blockade

German Reaction 1915 –Germany announces submarine war area around British isles U-boats 90 ships sunk in first few months “try not to sink neutral ships”

Lusitania Passenger ship Sank of Ireland on May 7, 1915 1,198 killed (128 Americans) Germans argued ship carried ammunition

Wilson’s Reaction Warning to Germany Agreed in 1915 to not sink unarmed ships without warning Violated with sinking of Sussex in 1916 Sussex ultimatum Germany would not attack passenger ships Accepted by Wilson U.S. would help to remove British blockade Not agreed upon

Election of 1916 Wilson: “He Kept us Out of War” Roosevelt refused to run as a progressive Republican’s nominate Hughes Pro-business; attacked Wilson’s foreign policy

Woodrow Wilson January 22, 1917 Neutral rights “Peace without victory”

Move to War January 31, 1917 – Germnay declares unrestricted submarine warfare Wilson still wanted peace March 1, 1917 - Zimmerman note German-Mexican alliance Recovery of TX, NM, and AZ 4 unarmed US ships sunk in March

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War!! Declared on April 6th, 1917 “to make the world safe for democracy”

Wilson’s Potent Fourteen Points Jan 8, 1918 Abolish secret treaties Freedom of the seas Economic freedom Reduction of arms End of colonization The freedom of self-determination Formation of an international organization for collective security

Committee on Public Information Created by George Creel Gain support of America through propaganda “four minute men” – patriotic speeches Posters, pamphlets, and movies

Anti-German Sentiment 8 million German-Americans The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918-curbed the right to free speech Eugene V. Debs convicted under the Espionage Act.  Schenck v. United States (1919): freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to the nation. The war years were tough times on civil liberties

Economy Overwhelmingly not ready for war Civilian Council of National Defense to study problems of economic mobilization increased the size of the army created a shipbuilding program. War Industries Board Control production, wages, and prices of goods disbanded after the end of the war.

Herbert Hoover and the FDA Wheatless Wednesdays Meatless Tuesdays Alcohol manufacturing slowed 18th amendment (1919) $21 billion raised