Basic Physics of Ultrasound

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Physics of Ultrasound فیزیک پایه ی فراصوت ترجمه ی اختصاصی دانشجویان دکترای حرفه ای دامپزشکی دانشگاه آزاد واحد شوشتر

WHAT IS ULTRASOUND? فراصوت چیست ؟ Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. Known as a ‘pulse echo technique’ The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines etc. فراصوت یا سونوگرافی یک تکنیک و شیوه ی عکسبرداری درمانی است که از امواج صوتی با فرکانس بالا و انعکاس های آنها استفاده میکند. به عنوان یک ” پالس اکو تکنیک ” شناخته میشود . این روش شبیه به هدایت انعکاسی که در خفاش ها ، وال ها و دلفین ها و همچنین سونار که در زیر دریایی ها استفاده میشود ، میباشد .

In ultrasound, the following events happen: در فراصوت اتفاقات زیر می افتند: The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 12 megahertz) sound pulses into the body using a probe. The sound waves travel into the body and hit a boundary between tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue and bone). 3. Some of the sound waves reflect back to the probe, while some travel on further until they reach another boundary and then reflect back to the probe . 4. The reflected waves are detected by the probe and relayed to the machine. 1- دستگاه فراصوت پالس های صوتی با فرکانس بالا (1 تا 12 مگاهرتز) را به درون بدن به وسیله ی میله ی کاوشگر انتقال میدهد . 2- امواج صوتی به درون بدن میروند و به یک مرز در بین بافت ها برخورد میکند ( به طور مثال بین مایع میان بافتی و بافت نرم ، بافت نرم و استخوان ) . 3- برخی از امواج صوتی انعکاس پیدا میکنند و به میله ی کاوشگر بازگردانده میشوند ، در حالیکه برخی به عمق بیشتری رفتی تا به یک مرز دیگر برخورد کنند و سپس انعکاس میابند . 4- امواج انعکاس یافته به وسیله ی میله ی کاوشگر شناسایی و به دستگاه فراصوت بازپخش میشوند .

5- دستگاه فاصله ی بین میله تا بافت یا ارگان ( مرزها) The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the tissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue (1540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return (usually on the order of millionths of a second). 6. The machine displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image. 5- دستگاه فاصله ی بین میله تا بافت یا ارگان ( مرزها) را به وسیله ی سرعت صوت در بافت (1540 متر بر ثانیه ) و زمان برگشت هر انعکاس (معمولاً بر حسب میلیونم ثانیه ) محاسبه میکند . 6- دستگاه فاصله ها و شدت انعکاس ها را در نمایشگر ، به صورت یک تصویر دو بعدی ، نمایش میدهد .

So…. بنابر این .... All the energy comes from the transducer All we “see” are reflections and scatter. بنابر این .... تمام انرژی از ترانسدیوسر به دست می آید - تمام چیزی که ما مشاهده میکنیم انعکاس ها و پراکندگی ها هستند .

SOUND صوت Sound waves consist of mechanical vibrations containing condensations (compressions) & rarefactions (decompressions)that are transmitted through a medium. Sound is mechanical. Sound is not electromagnetic. Matter must be present for sound to travel امواج صوتی از لرزش های مکانیکی شامل فشاری و بی فشار که به وسیله ی یک رسانه انتقال داده میشوند تشکیل شده است. صوت ، مکانیکی است . صوت الکترومغناطیسی نیست . برای انتقال صوت محیط مادی باید وجود داشته باشد .

Compression wave امواج فشاری

CATEGORIES OF SOUND طبقه بندی های صوت Infrasound (subsonic) below 20Hz Audible sound 20-20,000Hz Ultrasound above 20,000Hz Nondiagnostic medical applications <1MHz Medical diagnostic ultrasound >1MHz فروصوت (ساب سونیک) : کمتر از 20 هرتز صدای قابل شنیدن : 20 تا 20،000 هرتز فراصوت : بیش از 20،000 هرتز صوت مورد نیاز برای کارهای غیر تشخیصی درمانی <1 مگاهرتز فراصوت تشخیصی درمانی > 1 مگاهرتز

ترانسدیوسر THE TRANSDUCER Piezo-electric crystal Converts electric signals to mechanical & vice versa Transmits pulses of sound into tissue and listens for echos Most of the time is spent listening for echoes کریستال پیزو الکتریکی سیگنال های الکتریکی را به مکانیکی و برعکس تبدیل میکند . پالس های صوتی را به درون بافت ها منتشر میکند و انعکاس آنها را دریافت میکند . اکثر زمان برای دریافت و شنیدن انعکاس ها سپری میشود . Piezo electric effect is a property of some crytalline materials eg quartz or PZT (lead zirconate titanate) When compressed or expanded these materials show a voltage between the compressed or expanded surfaces (due to the molecular alignment in the crystal lattice) Changing polarity is a means of electromechanical conversion

Transducer Power on Power off Transducer receiving echoes 10-6sec 10-3sec

Transducer components Beam profile Profile of ultrasound pulse