“Common Man” OR King Andrew

Democracy in the 19th century Voting requirements 1800 and 1830

Voter Turnout 1824-1860

What increased democracy? Panic of 1819 White male suffrage increased Party nominating committees Voters chose their state’s Presidential electors Spoils system The Missouri Compromise Rise of Third parties Modern campaigning (parades, rallies, buttons, floats etc.) Return of 2 party system in 1832 election Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs(1832)  Republicans (1854) Democrats (1828)

Election of 1824 - the “Corrupt Bargain” Henry Clay KY John Q. Adams MA John C. Calhoun SC William H. Crawford GA

Corrupt bargain?

What followed was the election of 1828 John Q. Adams Presidency not very notable for any achievements The Tariff of 1828 only notable event John C. Calhoun called it “Tariff of Abomination” and secretly wrote the South Carolina Exposition (very important!) What followed was the election of 1828

During the election of 1828, Jackson’s wife, Rachel died. Why?

Revolution of 1828? *Personified the new West *Suspicious of federal gov't as bastion of privilege remote from popular scrutiny *Like Jefferson, sought to reduce role of the federal gov’t in favor of states’ rights *Hated Clay’s "American System“ *Fierce unionist and nationalist (to the dismay of the South); federal supremacy over states. *At times defied will of Congress and the Supreme Court *Employed the veto 12 times; six predecessors combined only vetoed 10 times! *Opponents condemned him as "King Andrew I"

Reign of “King Mob”

Major issues during Jackson’s first term: Spoils system Kitchen Cabinet Webster-Hayne Debate Jefferson-Day Toast Peggy Eaton Affair Tariff of 1832 and Nullification Crisis

Spoils System and “Rotation in Office”

“Kitchen Cabinet”

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) "When my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the last time, the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union... Let their last feeble and lingering glance, rather, behold the gorgeous ensign of the republic... blazing on all its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land... Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Jefferson Day Toast (1830) Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

Peggy Eaton Affair

1832 Tariff Issue 1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination” 1832 --> new tariff South Carolina’s reaction? Jackson’s response? Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff? (Tariff of 1833)

1832 Election Jackson “Coalition” The Planter Elite in the South People on the Frontier State Politicians – spoils system Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson and Faith in “Common Man” Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

"The Bank... is trying to kill me, but I will kill it." Major Issue of 1832… "The Bank... is trying to kill me, but I will kill it."

Major Issues during Jackson’s 2nd term: Destruction of BUS Removal of Indians Maysville Road Veto Birth Of Texas

Destruction of BUS or Biddle’s Bank Jackson v. Biddle

“Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. felt that coin was the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

Destruction of the Monster “pet banks”? 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States. 1836  the charter expired. 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

RESULT OF SPECIE CIRCULAR: The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.” buy future federal land only with gold or silver. Jackson’s goal? RESULT OF SPECIE CIRCULAR: Banknotes loose their value. Land sales plummeted. Credit not available. Businesses began to fail. Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation” Worcester v. GA (1832) Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

Trail of Tears 1838-39

Birth of Texas

What happened? *Mexico tells Americans (Texans) to stop emigrating into Texas (WHY?) *Americans don’s listen *Santa Anna raises and army to suppress Texans *Texas declares independence in 1836 under the leadership of Sam Houston *Mexican forces defeat Texans at Alamo and Goliad BUT….

Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad

Texas becomes a touchy issue…What does Jackson do? At the Battle of San Jacinto, Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna and forces him to give up Texas. Texas becomes a touchy issue…What does Jackson do?

Jackson’s Legacy Positive Contributions Demonstrated value of strong executive leadership in 1832 tariff controversy Became the champion of the common people in politics United followers into powerful and long-lived Democratic Party (& engendered the two-party system with the Whigs as opposition) Liabilities Encouragement of the spoils system Killing the BUS resulted in thousands of bank failures until the 20th century Specie circular hurt western farmers + Panic of 1837 Flouted authority of the Supreme Court vis-à-vis Cherokee Trail of Tears. Cabinet crisis and break with Calhoun resulted in increased sectionalism.