Positive Airway Pressure Therapies and Hospitalization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease  Monica M. Vasquez, MPH, Leslie A. McClure, PhD, Duane L. Sherrill, PhD, Sanjay R. Patel, MD, MS, Jerry Krishnan, MD, PhD, Stefano Guerra, MD, PhD, Sairam Parthasarathy, MD  The American Journal of Medicine  Volume 130, Issue 7, Pages 809-818 (July 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.045 Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Flow chart of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who received various forms of positive airway pressure therapy, such as bilevel-positive airway pressure therapy, continuous positive airway pressure therapy, and home ventilators that delivered noninvasive positive pressure ventilation therapy. Enrollees with hospital admission discharge status of “died” that occurred within 6 months of treatment initiation were as follows: bilevel-positive airway pressure (N = 108 [0.39%]), continuous positive airway pressure (N = 106 [0.1%]), noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (N = 16 [1.69%]), nontreated frequency-matched controls for continuous positive airway pressure (N = 672 [0.05%]), frequency-matched controls for bilevel-positive airway pressure (N = 3192 [1.1%]), and frequency-matched controls for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (N = 1502 [1.86%]). COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; NIPPV = nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation; PAP = positive airway pressure. ∗Enrollees with continuous health plan coverage 12 months before and 6 months after index date. The American Journal of Medicine 2017 130, 809-818DOI: (10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.045) Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Longitudinal associations (adjusted odds ratios) for any and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease–related hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing 6 months after device treatment (+1 to +180 days) with 6 months before device treatment (−180 days to 0 days) periods. BIPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; NIPPV = nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation; OR = odds ratio. The American Journal of Medicine 2017 130, 809-818DOI: (10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.045) Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Longitudinal associations (adjusted odds ratios) for any and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease–related hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing 6 months after device treatment (+1 to +180 days) with 6 months before device treatment (−180 days to 0 days) periods after stratification by patients with and without sleep-disordered breathing (left upper), with and without chronic respiratory failure (right upper); age <65 or >65 years (left lower) and with and without heart failure (right lower). CI = confidence interval; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; NIPPV = nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation; OR = odds ratio; PAP = positive airway pressure; SDB = sleep-disordered breathing. The American Journal of Medicine 2017 130, 809-818DOI: (10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.045) Copyright © 2017 The Authors Terms and Conditions