Ch. 5 Vocabulary Review – AP Government

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend the vote to African-American men. 15th Amendment

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978 SCOTUS decision holding that a state university may weigh race or ethnic background as one element in admissions, but may not set aside places for members of particular racial groups (no quotas). Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

1971 landmark SCOTUS case in which the court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. Reed v. Reed

1857 SCOTUS decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. Dred Scott v. Sanford

The Constitutional Amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. Thirteenth Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 SCOTUS decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th Amendment guarantee of equal protection. This case outlawed segregation in public schools. Brown v. Board of Education

The law making racial discrimination in public accommodations illegal The law making racial discrimination in public accommodations illegal. It forbade many forms of discrimination. It also strengthened voting rights. Civil Rights Act of 1964

The legal right to vote, extended to African-American men through the 15th Amendment, to women by the 19th Amendment, and to 18 year olds by the 26th Amendment. Suffrage

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. Civil Rights

The Constitutional Amendment adopted after the Civil War which states “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S.; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.” It is the first and only part of the Constitution to evoke the idea of equality. 14th Amendment

A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group. Affirmative Action

Equal Protection of the laws Part of the 14th Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent “protection” to all people. Equal Protection of the laws

Poll Taxes Literacy Test Grandfather Clause Jim Crow Laws Small fees levied on the right to vote. These and the _______ _____, and the __________ ________ were used by most Southern states to exclude African-Americans from voting. Collectively, these were known as ____ _______ _____. Poll Taxes Literacy Test Grandfather Clause Jim Crow Laws

The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 which declared poll taxes void in Federal elections. 24th Amendment

1896 SCOTUS decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana requiring “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races was constitutional. Plessy V. Ferguson

Primary elections from which African-Americans were excluded, an exclusion that, in the heavily Democratic South, deprived African-Americans of a voice in real contests. The SCOTUS declared white primaries unconstitutional in 1944. White Primary

1954 SCOTUS case that extended protection against discrimination against Hispanics. It ruled that excluding Hispanics from jury duty unreasonably singled out a group for discriminatory treatment. This helped with impartiality of juries. Hernandez v. Texas

1944 SCOTUS case that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during WWII. Korematsu v. U.S.

A law designed to end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds and thousands of African-Americans registered to vote, and the number of African-American elected officials increased dramatically. Voting Rights Act of 1965

Equal Rights Amendment A constitutional amendment originally introduced to Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or any state on account of sex. Despite public support the amendment fell short of the three-fourths support of state legislatures required for ratification. Equal Rights Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees the right to vote to women. 19th Amendment

1976 SCOTUS case which established the “intermediate scrutiny” standard for determining gender discrimination. Craig v. Boren

Americans with Disabilities Act A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make “reasonable accommodations” for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment. Americans with Disabilities Act

Adarand Constructors v. Pena 1995 SCOTUS decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose like expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. Adarand Constructors v. Pena