INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Spring2016/17 University of Nizwa Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Dept. of Architecture & Interior INTD409 Interior Environmental Technology Spring2016/17 Lecture Notes Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality. 2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance 2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“ 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design 3- Thermal comfort 3-1. Introduction & Definitions 3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort 3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body 3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors 4- Green Design Controls 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning 4-2. Lighting Design 4-3. Water System design 4-4. Energy management system 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 1

General Review 1- Introduction to Green Building and Indoor Environmental Quality. 2- Meaning of Green Standers and High performance 2-1. Introduction of sustainable rating Systems " LEED“ 2-2. The five rolls of sustainable Design 3- Thermal comfort 3-1. Introduction & Definitions 3-2. Physical Basis of Thermal Comfort 3-3. Heat Flow to/from Human Body 3-4. Measuring Environmental Factors 4- Green Design Controls 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning 4-2. Lighting Design 4-3. Water System design 4-4. Energy management system 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning

General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-a. Process Recommendations Select experienced and innovative design team Develop quantifiable goals Hire a Commissioning Agent prior to design Use an integrated design approach Plan for preventive maintenance (PM) Train facility operators and occupants Cooperative environment for decision makers

General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-a. Process Recommendations Intense effort to identify and address issues in a short time Listen and understand needs and limitations Envision realistic and creative solutions Record ideas as they are introduced Effectively express ideas in a plan to serve as a vehicle to move the process forward Owner well-defined goals (OPR)

General Review 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning 4- Green Design Controls 4-1. Architectural design/Site planning 4-1-a. Orientation 4-1-b. Thermal mass 4-1-c. Surface to volume ratio 4-1-d. Positioning of windows , shading 4-1-e. Selection of materials for wall , roof, windows, including insulation 4-1-f. Landscaping

General Review 4-1-1. Architectural design 4- Green Design Controls 4-1-1-a. Effect of orientation on cooling load North – south orientation would reduce cooling loads by 1.5% 4-1-1-b. Effect of efficient materials Roof and wall insulation reduced cooling load by 23 Insulated windows reduced cooling load by 9% (window to wall ratio 7%)‏

General Review 4-1-1. Architectural design 4- Green Design Controls 4-1-1-c. Use onsite sources and sinks Day lighting Earth cooling Natural Ventilation (night cooling) 4-1-1-d. Earth cooling Earth cooling has helped do away with conventional space cooling and heating techniques for about 8 months a year

General Review 4-1-2. Site planning “Sustainability at Site” 4- Green Design Controls 4-1-2. Site planning “Sustainability at Site” Replace asphalt with concrete where possible Plant trees in vegetation strips around parking lots or sidewalks. Consolidate parking into a parking garage Bio swales Filtration basins (filters)

4-1-2. Site planning “Sustainability at Site” General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-1-2. Site planning “Sustainability at Site” Detention Ponds / Retention Ponds Vegetated filter strips Pervious paving Vegetated/Garden Roofs Energy Star rated roofing systems High reflectivity coatings

General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls The passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural sunlight provides effective internal illumination.

General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls Use of effective solar control strategies (overhangs) and high performance glazing limit associated solar gains. Achieving this daylight credit will likely increase energy savings in the Energy and Atmosphere credits. This is largely due to savings in the electric lighting that results from well daylight spaces. Day lighting strategies can have synergies with other energy efficiency strategies such as displacement ventilation

General Review 4-2. Lighting Design 4- Green Design Controls Minimize site lighting where possible Full cut-off luminaries Low-reflectance surfaces Low-angle spotlights

General Review 4-3. Water System design 4- Green Design Controls 4-3-a. Successful Strategies for Water Use Reduction, 20% - 30%. Dual flush water closets Ultra low-flow water closets and urinals Waterless Urinals Sensor-operated, Low-flow lavatories Rainwater collection reuse systems Gray water reuse systems

General Review 4-3. Water System design 4- Green Design Controls 4-3-b. Successful Strategies for Reduce potable water consumption for landscape by 50% over Drought tolerant plants Drip irrigation, moisture-sensing irrigation technologies Recycled rainwater system Municipally-provided non-potable water source use  

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls 4-4-a. Whole building energy optimization 4-4-b. Photovoltaic

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls 4-4-a. Whole building energy optimization

Lighting requirements General Review High Efficiency Pumps AHUs, FCUs Cooling Towers Chillers Reduced HVAC requirements Energy Water Heating Lighting requirements Building Envelope design Sensors, Controls Daylighting High Performance Glazing Insulation Passive Systems Lamps, Ballasts, Luminaires Controls: Enthalpy control, Economizer, Reheat by Steam Occupancy Load, Equipment Schedule Whole building energy optimization

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls 4-4-b. Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (Solar electric) is a device which produce free electrons when exposed to light resulting in power generation. Photovoltaic does not release any of the green house gases when in use. Photovoltaic uses a non-conventional, renewable source of energy which has no adverse effects on the environment. 23 kW solar photovoltaic system 55% energy savings over base building

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls 4-4-b-1. Photovoltaic Applications 4-4-b-1-a. Flat Roofs

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls Photovoltaic Applications 4-4-b-1-b. Facades

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls Photovoltaic Applications 4-4-b-1-c. Shading Elements  

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls Photovoltaic Applications 4-4-b-1-d. Atria & Skylight  

General Review 4-4. Energy management system 4- Green Design Controls Photovoltaic Applications 4-4-b-1-e. Roof Top  

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning The main purpose of commercial HVAC (Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning) systems is to provide the people working inside the building with “conditioned “ air .

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has established standards which outline air quality for indoor comfort conditions that are acceptable to 80% or more of a commercial building's occupants. Generally, these indoor comfort conditions, sometimes called the "comfort zone,"

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning Standers Systems may be clustered at a central location and serve an entire campus of buildings Locate system away from acoustically sensitive areas of the building Selecting efficient air conditioning based on your climate.

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4-5-1. Standers Selecting the proper type of and efficient heating system for your climate Designing and sealing air distribution systems properly Replace CFC-based refrigerant. Consider non-refrigerant based cooling such as evaporative cooling in dryer climates. Consider photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, wind, biomass, and bio-gas energy technologies

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4-5-1. Standers Sophisticated Electrical Management Systems, Building Automation Systems or Direct Digital Control systems inherently include most of the required monitoring points. Combine carbon dioxide monitors with demand based ventilation.

General Review 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4- Green Design Controls 4-5. Heat, Ventilation & Air conditioning 4-5-1. Standers Include carbon dioxide sensor points in BAS/DDC for system design automation. Consider adjustable under floor air diffusers, or thermostat controlled VAV boxes. Operable windows can be used in lieu of comfort controls for occupants of areas that are 20 feet inside of and 10 feet to either side of the operable part of the window

General Review 4- Green Design Controls 4-b. Conclusion Optimize day lighting to full possible extent Building orientation, photocell controls with dimmable ballasts Reduces lighting and cooling loads Daylight glass and view glass are not the same Efficient lighting design Lighting Power Density < 1 W/ft2 Pendant direct/indirect Occupancy sensors, auto night shut-off Dedicated outdoor air treatment Energy Recovery Ventilator or Demand-Controlled Ventilation Centralize exhaust zones for energy recovery

General Review 4-b. Conclusion 4- Green Design Controls Efficient, tight envelope Appropriate, well-installed insulation Low-e, low- Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) windows (esp. east/west facing) Shading for south facing windows Light colored roof High efficiency HVAC with optimized control system Balance with maintenance concerns Size properly, incorporate strategies for variable loads Energy star appliances and office equipment Use energy modeling iteratively to identify and reduce loads, and optimize efficiency of design

General Review QUESTIONS?