Click the mouse or press the spacebar to continue. Chapter 2: Representing Motion Click the mouse or press the spacebar to continue. Splash Screen

In this chapter you will: Represent motion through the use of words, motion diagrams, and graphs. Use the terms position, distance, displacement, and time interval in a scientific manner to describe motion. Chapter Intro

Chapter 2: Representing Motion Section 2.1: Picturing Motion Section 2.2: Where and When? Section 2.3: Position-Time Graphs Section 2.4: How Fast? Table of Contents

In this section you will: Draw motion diagrams to describe motion. Develop a particle model to represent a moving object. Section 2.1-1

All Kinds of Motion Perceiving motion is instinctive—your eyes pay more attention to moving objects than to stationary ones. Movement is all around you. Movement travels in many directions, such as the straight-line path of a bowling ball in a lane’s gutter, the curved path of a tether ball, the spiral of a falling kite, and the swirls of water circling a drain. Section 2.1-2

All Kinds of Motion When an object is in motion, its position changes. Its position can change along the path of a straight line, a circle, an arc, or a back-and- forth vibration. Section 2.1-3

Movement Along a Straight Line A description of motion relates to place and time. You must be able to answer the questions of where and when an object is positioned to describe its motion. Section 2.1-4

Movement Along a Straight Line In the figure below, the car has moved from point A to point B in a specific time period. Section 2.1-5

Click image to view movie. Motion Diagrams Click image to view movie. Section 2.1-6

Question 1 Explain how applying the particle model produces a simplified version of a motion diagram? Section 2.1-7

Answer 1 Answer: Keeping track of the motion of the runner is easier if we disregard the movements of the arms and the legs, and instead concentrate on a single point at the center of the body. In effect, we can disregard the fact that the runner has some size and imagine that the runner is a very small object located precisely at that central point. A particle model is a simplified version of a motion diagram in which the object in motion is replaced by a series of single points. Section 2.1-8

Question 2 Which statement describes best the motion diagram of an object in motion? A. a graph of the time data on a horizontal axis and the position on a vertical axis B. a series of images showing the positions of a moving object at equal time intervals C. a diagram in which the object in motion is replaced by a series of single points D. a diagram that tells us the location of the zero point of the object in motion and the direction in which the object is moving Section 2.1-9

Answer 2 Reason: A series of images showing the positions of a moving object at equal time intervals is called a motion diagram. Section 2.1-10

Question 3 What is the purpose of drawing a motion diagram or a particle model? A. to calculate the speed of the object in motion B. to calculate the distance covered by the object in a particular time C. to check whether an object is in motion D. to calculate the instantaneous velocity of the object in motion Section 2.1-11

Answer 3 Reason: In a motion diagram or a particle model, we relate the motion of the object with the background, which indicates that relative to the background, only the object is in motion. Section 2.1-12

End of Section 2.1

In this section you will: Define coordinate systems for motion problems. Recognize that the chosen coordinate system affects the sign of objects’ positions. Define displacement. Determine a time interval. Use a motion diagram to answer questions about an object’s position or displacement. Section 2.2-1

Coordinate Systems A coordinate system tells you the location of the zero point of the variable you are studying and the direction in which the values of the variable increase. The origin is the point at which both variables have the value zero. Section 2.2-2

Coordinate Systems In the example of the runner, the origin, represented by the zero end of the measuring tape, could be placed 5 m to the left of the tree. Section 2.2-3

Coordinate Systems The motion is in a straight line, thus, your measuring tape should lie along that straight line. The straight line is an axis of the coordinate system. Section 2.2-4

Coordinate Systems You can indicate how far away an object is from the origin at a particular time on the simplified motion diagram by drawing an arrow from the origin to the point representing the object, as shown in the figure. Section 2.2-5

Coordinate Systems The two arrows locate the runner’s position at two different times. Section 2.2-6

Coordinate Systems The length of how far an object is from the origin indicates its distance from the origin. Section 2.2-7

Coordinate Systems The arrow points from the origin to the location of the moving object at a particular time. Section 2.2-8

Coordinate Systems A position 9 m to the left of the tree, 5 m left of the origin, would be a negative position, as shown in the figure below. Section 2.2-9

Vectors and Scalars Quantities that have both size, also called magnitude, and direction, are called vectors, and can be represented by arrows. Quantities that are just numbers without any direction, such as distance, time, or temperature, are called scalars. Section 2.2-10

Vectors and Scalars To add vectors graphically, the length of a vector should be proportional to the magnitude of the quantity being represented. So it is important to decide on the scale of your drawings. The important thing is to choose a scale that produces a diagram of reasonable size with a vector that is about 5–10 cm long. Section 2.2-11

Vectors and Scalars The vector that represents the sum of the other two vectors is called the resultant. The resultant always points from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the last vector. Section 2.2-12

Time Intervals and Displacement The difference between the initial and the final times is called the time interval. Section 2.2-13

Time Intervals and Displacement The common symbol for a time interval is ∆t, where the Greek letter delta, ∆, is used to represent a change in a quantity. Section 2.2-14

Time Intervals and Displacement The time interval is defined mathematically as follows: Although i and f are used to represent the initial and final times, they can be initial and final times of any time interval you choose. Section 2.2-15

Time Intervals and Displacement Also of importance is how the position changes. The symbol d may be used to represent position. In physics, a position is a vector with its tail at the origin of a coordinate system and its tip at the place where the object is located at that time. Section 2.2-16

Time Intervals and Displacement The figure below shows ∆d, an arrow drawn from the runner’s position at the tree to his position at the lamppost. Section 2.2-17

Time Intervals and Displacement The change in position during the time interval between ti and tf is called displacement. Section 2.2-18

Time Intervals and Displacement The length of the arrow represents the distance the runner moved, while the direction the arrow points indicates the direction of the displacement. Displacement is mathematically defined as follows: Displacement is equal to the final position minus the initial position. Section 2.2-19

Time Intervals and Displacement To subtract vectors, reverse the subtracted vector and then add the two vectors. This is because A – B = A + (–B). The figure a below shows two vectors, A, 4 cm long pointing east, and B, 1 cm long also pointing east. Figure b shows –B, which is 1 cm long pointing west. The resultant of A and –B is 3 cm long pointing east. Section 2.2-20

Time Intervals and Displacement To determine the length and direction of the displacement vector, ∆d = df − di, draw −di, which is di reversed. Then draw df and copy −di with its tail at df’s tip. Add df and −di. Section 2.2-21

Time Intervals and Displacement To completely describe an object’s displacement, you must indicate the distance it traveled and the direction it moved. Thus, displacement, a vector, is not identical to distance, a scalar; it is distance and direction. While the vectors drawn to represent each position change, the length and direction of the displacement vector does not. The displacement vector is always drawn with its flat end, or tail, at the earlier position, and its point, or tip, at the later position. Section 2.2-22

Question 1 Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities. Section 2.2-23

Answer 1 Answer: Quantities that have both magnitude and direction are called vectors, and can be represented by arrows. Quantities that are just numbers without any direction, such as time, are called scalars. Section 2.2-24

Question 2 What is displacement? A. the vector drawn from the initial position to the final position of the motion in a coordinate system B. the distance between the initial position and the final position of the motion in a coordinate system C. the amount by which the object is displaced from the initial position D. the amount by which the object moved from the initial position Section 2.2-25

Answer 2 Reason: Options B, C, and D are all defining the distance of the motion and not the displacement. Displacement is a vector drawn from the starting position to the final position. Section 2.2-26

Question 3 Refer to the adjoining figure and calculate the time taken by the car to travel from one signal to another signal? A. 20 min B. 45 min C. 25 min D. 5 min Section 2.2-27

Answer 3 Reason: Time interval t = tf – ti Here tf = 01:45 and ti = 01:20 Therefore, t = 25 min Section 2.2-28

End of Section 2.2

In this section you will: Develop position-time graphs for moving objects. Use a position-time graph to interpret an object’s position or displacement. Make motion diagrams, pictorial representations, and position-time graphs that are equivalent representations describing an object’s motion. Section 2.3-1

Click image to view movie. Position-Time Graphs Click image to view movie. Section 2.3-2

Using a Graph to Find Out Where and When Graphs of an object’s position and time contain useful information about an object’s position at various times. It can be helpful in determining the displacement of an object during various time intervals. Section 2.3-3

Using a Graph to Find Out Where and When The data in the table can be presented by plotting the time data on a horizontal axis and the position data on a vertical axis, which is called a position-time graph. Section 2.3-4

Using a Graph to Find Out Where and When To draw the graph, plot the object’s recorded positions. Then, draw a line that best fits the recorded points. This line represents the most likely positions of the runner at the times between the recorded data points. The symbol d represents the instantaneous position of the object—the position at a particular instant. Section 2.3-5

Equivalent Representations Words, pictorial representations, motion diagrams, data tables, and position-time graphs are all representations that are equivalent. They all contain the same information about an object’s motion. Depending on what you want to find out about an object’s motion, some of the representations will be more useful than others. Section 2.3-6

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects In the graph, when and where does runner B pass runner A? Section 2.3-7

Step 1: Analyze the Problem Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects Step 1: Analyze the Problem Section 2.3-8

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects Restate the question. At what time do A and B have the same position? Section 2.3-9

Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Section 2.3-10

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects In the figure, examine the graph to find the intersection of the line representing the motion of A with the line representing the motion of B. Section 2.3-11

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects These lines intersect at 45.0 s and at about 190 m. Section 2.3-12

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects B passes A about 190 m beyond the origin, 45.0 s after A has passed the origin. Section 2.3-13

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects The steps covered were: The steps covered were: Step 1: Analyze the Problem Restate the questions. Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Section 2.3-14

Question 1 A position-time graph of an athlete winning the 100-m run is shown. Estimate the time taken by the athlete to reach 65 m. A. 6.0 s B. 6.5 s C. 5.5 s D. 7.0 s Section 2.3-15

Answer 1 Reason: Draw a horizontal line from the position of 65 m to the line of best fit. Draw a vertical line to touch the time axis from the point of intersection of the horizontal line and line of best fit. Note the time where the vertical line crosses the time axis. This is the estimated time taken by the athlete to reach 65 m. Section 2.3-16

Question 2 A position-time graph of an athlete winning the 100-m run is shown. What was the instantaneous position of the athlete at 2.5 s? A. 15 m B. 20 m C. 25 m D. 30 m Section 2.3-17

Answer 2 Reason: Draw a vertical line from the position of 2.5 m to the line of best fit. Draw a horizontal line to touch the position axis from the point of intersection of the vertical line and line of best fit. Note the position where the horizontal line crosses the position axis. This is the instantaneous position of the athlete at 2.5 s. Section 2.3-18

Question 3 From the following position-time graph of two brothers running a 100-m dash, at what time do both brothers have the same position? The smaller brother started the race from the 20-m mark. Section 2.3-19

Answer 3 Answer: The two brothers meet at 6 s. In the figure, we find the intersection of lines representing the motion of one brother with the line representing the motion of other brother. These lines intersect at 6 s and at 60 m. Section 2.3-20

End of Section 2.3

In this section you will: Define velocity. Differentiate between speed and velocity. Create pictorial, physical, and mathematical models of motion problems. Section 2.4-1

Velocity Suppose you recorded two joggers in one motion diagram, as shown in the figure below. From one frame to the next, you can see that the position of the jogger in red shorts changes more than that of the one wearing blue. Section 2.4-2

Velocity In other words, for a fixed time interval, the displacement, ∆d, is greater for the jogger in red because she is moving faster. She covers a larger distance than the jogger in blue does in the same amount of time. Section 2.4-3

Velocity Now, suppose that each jogger travels 100 m. The time interval, ∆t, would be smaller for the jogger in red than for the one in blue. Section 2.4-4

Average Velocity Recall from Chapter 1 that to find the slope, you first choose two points on the line. Next, you subtract the vertical coordinate (d in this case) of the first point from the vertical coordinate of the second point to obtain the rise of the line. After that, you subtract the horizontal coordinate (t in this case) of the first point from the horizontal coordinate of the second point to obtain the run. Finally, you divide the rise by the run to obtain the slope. Section 2.4-5

Average Velocity The slopes of the two lines are found as follows: Section 2.4-6

Average Velocity The slopes of the two lines are found as follows: Section 2.4-6

Average Velocity The unit of the slope is meters per second. In other words, the slope tells how many meters the runner moved in 1 s. The slope is the change in position, divided by the time interval during which that change took place, or (df - di) / (tf - ti), or Δd/Δt. When Δd gets larger, the slope gets larger; when Δt gets larger, the slope gets smaller. Section 2.4-7

Average Velocity The slope of a position-time graph for an object is the object’s average velocity and is represented by the ratio of the change of position to the time interval during which the change occurred. Section 2.4-8

Average Velocity Average velocity is defined as the change in position, divided by the time during which the change occurred. The symbol ≡ means that the left-hand side of the equation is defined by the right-hand side. Section 2.4-9

Average Velocity It is a common misconception to say that the slope of a position-time graph gives the speed of the object. The slope of the position- time graph on the right is –5.0 m/s. It indicates the average velocity of the object and not its speed. Section 2.4-10

Average Velocity The object moves in the negative direction at a rate of 5.0 m/s. Section 2.4-11

Average Speed The absolute value of the slope on a position- time graph tells you the average speed of the object, that is, how fast the object is moving. Section 2.4-12

Average Speed If an object moves in the negative direction, then its displacement is negative. The object’s velocity will always have the same sign as the object’s displacement. Section 2.4-13

Average Speed The graph describes the motion of a student riding his skateboard along a smooth, pedestrian-free sidewalk. What is his average velocity? What is his average speed? Section 2.4-14

Step 1: Analyze and Sketch the Problem Average Speed Step 1: Analyze and Sketch the Problem Section 2.4-15

Average Speed Identify the coordinate system of the graph. Section 2.4-16

Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Average Speed Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Section 2.4-17

Average Speed Identify the unknown variables. Unknown: Section 2.4-18

Average Speed Find the average velocity using two points on the line. Use magnitudes with signs indicating directions. Section 2.4-19

Average Speed Substitute d2 = 12.0 m, d1 = 6.0 m, t2 = 8.0 s, t1 = 4.0 s: Section 2.4-20

Step 3: Evaluate the Answer Average Speed Step 3: Evaluate the Answer Section 2.4-21

Average Speed Are the units correct? m/s are the units for both velocity and speed. Do the signs make sense? The positive sign for the velocity agrees with the coordinate system. No direction is associated with speed. Section 2.4-22

Average Speed The steps covered were: Step 1: Analyze and Sketch the Problem Identify the coordinate system of the graph. Section 2.4-23

Average Speed The steps covered were: Step 2: Solve for the Unknown Find the average velocity using two points on the line. The average speed is the absolute value of the average velocity. Step 3: Evaluate the Answer Section 2.4-23

Instantaneous Velocity A motion diagram shows the position of a moving object at the beginning and end of a time interval. During that time interval, the speed of the object could have remained the same, increased, or decreased. All that can be determined from the motion diagram is the average velocity. The speed and direction of an object at a particular instant is called the instantaneous velocity. The term velocity refers to instantaneous velocity and is represented by the symbol v. Section 2.4-24

Average Velocity on Motion Diagrams Although the average velocity is in the same direction as displacement, the two quantities are not measured in the same units. Nevertheless, they are proportional—when displacement is greater during a given time interval, so is the average velocity. A motion diagram is not a precise graph of average velocity, but you can indicate the direction and magnitude of the average velocity on it. Section 2.4-25

Using Equations Any time you graph a straight line, you can find an equation to describe it. Based on the information shown in the table, the equation y = mx + b becomes d = t + di, or, by inserting the values of the constants, d = (–5.0 m/s)t + 20.0 m. You cannot set two items with different units equal to each other in an equation. Section 2.4-26

Equation of Motion for Average Velocity Using Equations An object’s position is equal to the average velocity multiplied by time plus the initial position. Equation of Motion for Average Velocity Section 2.4-27

Using Equations This equation gives you another way to represent the motion of an object. Note that once a coordinate system is chosen, the direction of d is specified by positive and negative values, and the boldface notation can be dispensed with, as in “d-axis.” Section 2.4-28

Question 1 Which of the following statements defines the velocity of the object’s motion? A. the ratio of the distance covered by an object to the respective time interval B. the rate at which distance is covered C. the distance moved by a moving body in unit time D. the ratio of the displacement of an object to the respective time interval Section 2.4-29

Answer 1 Reason: Options A, B, and C define the speed of the object’s motion. The velocity of a moving object is defined as the ratio of the displacement (d) to the time interval (t). Section 2.4-30

Question 2 Which of the statements given below is correct? A. Average velocity cannot have a negative value. B. Average velocity is a scalar quantity. C. Average velocity is a vector quantity. D. Average velocity is the absolute value of the slope of a position-time graph. Section 2.4-31

Answer 2 Reason: Average velocity is a vector quantity, whereas all other statements are true for scalar quantities. Section 2.4-32

Question 3 The position-time graph of a car moving on a street is given here. What is the average velocity of the car? A. 2.5 m/s B. 5 m/s C. 2 m/s D. 10 m/s Section 2.4-33

Answer 3 Reason: The average velocity of an object is the slope of a position-time graph. Section 2.4-34

End of Section 2.4

Considering the Motion of Multiple Objects In the graph, when and where does runner B pass runner A? Click the Back button to return to original slide. Q1

Average Speed The graph describes the motion of a student riding his skateboard along a smooth, pedestrian-free sidewalk. What is his average velocity? What is his average speed? Click the Back button to return to original slide. Q2

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