Figure 25.0-1 Why Hormones Matter Figure 25.0-1 Why hormones matter

Figure 25.0-1a Figure 25.0-1a Why hormones matter (part 1: hypothyroidism)

Figure 25.0-1b Figure 25.0-1b Why hormones matter (part 2: endocrine disruptors)

Figure 25.0-1ba Figure 25.0-1ba Why hormones matter (part 2a: endocrine disruptors, male tadpole)

Figure 25.0-1bb Figure 25.0-1bb Why hormones matter (part 2b: endocrine disruptors, female frog)

Figure 25.0-1c Figure 25.0-1c Why hormones matter (part 3: power posing)

Chapter Thread: Steroid Abuse Figure 25.0-2 Figure 25.0-2 Steroid abuse: admitting to steroid use Chapter Thread: Steroid Abuse

Adrenal glands (glands of the endocrine system, Figure 25.1 Endocrine cell  Nucleus Membrane- enclosed sacs Adrenal glands (glands of the endocrine system, which sit atop the kidneys) Blood vessel Hormone molecules Target cell Figure 25.1 Hormone secretion from an endocrine cell Receptor protein

1 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein Target cell Plasma membrane Figure 25.2-s1 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein 1 Target cell Plasma membrane Figure 25.2-s1 A hormone that binds to a plasma membrane receptor (step 1) Nucleus

1 2 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein Target cell Plasma Figure 25.2-s2 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein 1 Target cell 2 Plasma membrane Signal transduction pathway Relay molecules Figure 25.2-s2 A hormone that binds to a plasma membrane receptor (step 2) Nucleus

1 2 3 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein Target cell Plasma Figure 25.2-s3 Water- soluble hormone Receptor protein 1 Target cell 2 Plasma membrane Signal transduction pathway Relay molecules Figure 25.2-s3 A hormone that binds to a plasma membrane receptor (step 3) Cytoplasmic response or 3 Nucleus Gene regulation

1 Lipid- soluble hormone Target Plasma cell membrane Nucleus Figure 25.3-s1 Lipid- soluble hormone 1 Target cell Plasma membrane Figure 25.3-s1 A hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor (step 1) Nucleus

1 2 Lipid- soluble hormone Target Plasma cell membrane Receptor Figure 25.3-s2 Lipid- soluble hormone 1 Target cell Plasma membrane 2 Receptor protein Figure 25.3-s2 A hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor (step 2) Nucleus

1 2 3 Lipid- soluble hormone Target Plasma cell membrane Receptor Figure 25.3-s3 Lipid- soluble hormone 1 Target cell Plasma membrane 2 Receptor protein Figure 25.3-s3 A hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor (step 3) 3 Nucleus Hormone- receptor complex

1 2 3 4 Lipid- soluble hormone Target Plasma cell membrane Receptor Figure 25.3-s4 Lipid- soluble hormone 1 Target cell Plasma membrane 2 Receptor protein Figure 25.3-s4 A hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor (step 4) 3 Nucleus Hormone- receptor complex 4 Gene regulation

Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Figure 25.4 Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Figure 25.4 Endocrine glands in humans Ovaries (in females) Testes (in males)

Brain Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Bone Figure 25.5 Brain Hypothalamus Figure 25.5 Location of the hypothalamus and pituitary Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Bone

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Hormones Figure 25.6 Information about internal conditions and external environment received by the Hypothalamus Signals sent to posterior and anterior lobes of the Pituitary gland Information flow Figure 25.6 Master control exerted by the hypothalamus Hormones that affect body functions secreted by the pituitary gland

(receives information reabsorption, decreases prevents dehydration.) Figure 25.7 Hypothalamus (receives information when tissues are dehydrated) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Figure 25.7 ADH and osmoregulation ADH Kidneys (ADH increases water reabsorption, decreases urine output, and prevents dehydration.)

Gigantism Average height Pituitary Height in feet dwarfism 8 7 6 5 4 3 Figure 25.8 8 Gigantism 7 6 Average height 5 Pituitary dwarfism Height in feet 4 3 Figure 25.8 Pituitary growth hormone disorders 2 1

Figure 25.8-1 Figure 25.8-1 Pituitary growth hormone disorders (part 1: gigantism) Gigantism

Pituitary dwarfism Figure 25.8-2 Figure 25.8-2 Pituitary growth hormone disorders (part 2: pituitary dwarfism) Pituitary dwarfism

Affects metabolic rate, blood pressure, Figure 25.9 Anterior pituitary (directed by the hypothalamus) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid hormone inhibits TSH release. Thyroid gland Figure 25.9 Thyroid hormone production Thyroid hormone Affects metabolic rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and tolerance to cold

Normal blood glucose level Figure 25.10 Body cells take up glucose Insulin 2 Pancreas releases insulin 3 Liver stores glucose as glycogen Blood glucose level falls 1 Stimulus: Rising blood glucose Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level Stimulus: Declining blood glucose Glucose level Figure 25.10 Glucose homeostasis 4 6 Blood glucose level rises Pancreas releases glucagon 5 Liver breaks down glycogen Glucagon

Normal blood glucose level Figure 25.10-1 Body cells take up glucose Insulin 2 Pancreas releases insulin 3 Liver stores glucose as glycogen Blood glucose level falls 1 Stimulus: Rising blood glucose Figure 25.10-1 Glucose homeostasis (part 1: rising blood glucose) Glucose level Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level

Normal blood glucose level Figure 25.10-2 Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level Stimulus: Declining blood glucose Glucose level 4 6 Blood glucose level rises Pancreas releases glucagon 5 Figure 25.10-2 Glucose homeostasis (part 2: declining blood glucose) Liver breaks down glycogen Glucagon

Figure 25.11 Figure 25.11 Measuring blood glucose

Figure 25.11-1 Figure 25.11-1 Measuring blood glucose (part 1: glucose meter)

Figure 25.11-2 Figure 25.11-2 Measuring blood glucose (part 2: insulin pump)

hypoglycemia per 100,000 admissions Number of people admitted with Figure 25.12 300 290 300 260 240 200 200 200 190 200 hypoglycemia per 100,000 admissions Number of people admitted with 100 Figure 25.12 Rate of hospital admissions for hypoglycemia in low- and high-income patients 1 2 3 4 Weeks of a calendar month Low income High income

1 3 4 5 2 Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Kidney Figure 25.13 Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Kidney Hypothalamus 1 Nerve signals 3 Releasing hormone Nerve cell Anterior pituitary Spinal cord (cross section) Blood vessel ACTH Nerve cell 4 Adrenal medulla (ACTH) Adrenal cortex 5 Figure 25.13 How the adrenal glands control our response to stress Epinephrine and norepinephrine 2 Corticosteroids Short-term stress response Long-term stress response • Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose • Increased blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate, and metabolic rate • Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive activity • Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose • Immune system may be suppressed

1 2 Nerve signals Nerve cell Spinal cord (cross section) Nerve cell Figure 25.13-1 1 Nerve signals Nerve cell Spinal cord (cross section) Nerve cell Adrenal medulla Figure 25.13-1 How the adrenal glands control our response to stress (part 1: short-term stress response) Epinephrine and norepinephrine 2 Short-term stress response

3 4 5 Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Figure 25.13-2 Hypothalamus 3 Releasing hormone Anterior pituitary Blood vessel ACTH 4 Adrenal cortex (ACTH) Figure 25.13-2 How the adrenal glands control our response to stress (part 2: long-term stress response) 5 Corticosteroids Long-term stress response

Adrenal medulla Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Kidney Figure 25.13-3 Figure 25.13-3 How the adrenal glands control our response to stress (part 3: location of adrenal gland)

Short-term stress response Figure 25.13-4 Short-term stress response • Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose • Increased blood pressure, breathing rate, heart rate, and metabolic rate • Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive activity Long-term stress response Figure 25.13-4 How the adrenal glands control our response to stress (part 4: stress responses lists) • Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose • Immune system may be suppressed

Cell division/ Tumor growth Figure 25.14 Estrogen Estrogen Breast cancer cell Breast cancer cell Plasma membrane Plasma membrane Nucleus Nucleus Estrogen- receptor complex ER cannot bind estrogen; cell division and tumor growth inhibited. Figure 25.14 Breast cancer drug treatment Tamoxifen breakdown product binds ER. Cell division/ Tumor growth

Mood self-ratings 30 25 20 15 10 5 Irritability Anger Violent feelings Figure 25.15 30 25 20 Mood self-ratings 15 10 5 Figure 25.15 The mood-altering effects of anabolic steroids Irritability Anger Violent feelings Placebo (days 1–3) High dose of steroids (days 7–9) Low dose of steroids (days 4–6) Placebo (days 10–12)

Figure 25.16 Figure 25.16 Male elephant seals battling for dominance

Figure 25.UN01 Figure 25.UN01 In-text figure, hypothalamus and pituitary, p. 538

Figure 25.UN02 Figure 25.UN02 In-text figure, thyroid, p. 540

Figure 25.UN03 Figure 25.UN03 In-text figure, pancreas, p. 541

Figure 25.UN04 Figure 25.UN04 In-text figure, adrenal glands, p. 543

Figure 25.UN05 Figure 25.UN05 In-text figure, gonads, p. 545

Water- soluble hormone Lipid- soluble hormone Receptor protein Figure 25.UN06 Water- soluble hormone Lipid- soluble hormone Receptor protein Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway Figure 25.UN06 Summary of key concepts: water- and lipid-soluble hormones Cytoplasmic response Nucleus Hormone- receptor complex or Nucleus Gene regulation Gene regulation

Master control center of the endocrine system Figure 25.UN07 Brain Hypothalamus: Master control center of the endocrine system Posterior pituitary: Stores and secretes hormones made by hypothalamus Anterior pituitary: Controlled by hypothalamus; produces and secretes its own hormones Figure 25.UN07 Summary of key concepts: hypothalamus and pituitary gland Blood vessels

Normal level of thyroid hormone in blood Thyroid hormone Figure 25.UN08 Excess level of thyroid hormone in blood Hyperthyroidism releases Normal level of thyroid hormone in blood Thyroid hormone Thyroid Homeostasis Insufficient level of thyroid hormone in blood Figure 25.UN08 Summary of key concepts: thyroid Hypothyroidism

Glucose causes in blood Insulin releases releases causes Pancreas Figure 25.UN09 Glucose in blood causes Insulin releases releases causes Pancreas Glucose in blood Figure 25.UN09 Summary of key concepts: pancreas Glucagon