Rocks & Minerals ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

ESRT Mineral Chart Click Here Key Concept #1 What is a mineral? naturally occurring inorganic It is a definite chemical composition substance which has a What would be the opposite of this? man-made organic random composition ESRT Mineral Chart Click Here

Minerals are made of elements. On to the next Concept

What causes minerals to have different physical properties? Key Concept #2 What causes minerals to have different physical properties? their internal arrangement of atoms

graphite & diamond Key Concept #2 Give an example of two minerals which have the same chemical composition but different physical properties Click Here graphite & diamond

On to the next Concept

The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Color a poor indicator minerals can be multiple colors many minerals are the same color

The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Streak the powder form of a mineral more reliable than color

The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Luster how light reflects off a mineral metallic non-metallic looks like a metal looks earthy, waxy, silky or glassy

Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Cleavage the mineral breaks in a predictable pattern because of its arrangement of atoms

Examples of Cleavage

Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Fracture the mineral breaks randomly

Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Hardness resistance to being scratched It is NOT the same as breaking! For example: You can break glass easily with steel. However, steel will not scratch glass.

The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Key Concept #3 The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals Hardness MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS Hardness Mineral 1 (softest) 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 (hardest) TALC ORTHOCLASE GYPSUM QUARTZ CALCITE TOPAZ FLUORITE CORUNDUM APATITE DIAMOND

silicon oxygen Key Concept #4 Minerals have a definite chemical composition. What two elements, by mass, make up the greatest percentage of the Earth’s crust? silicon oxygen

silicates (SiO4) Key Concept #4 Minerals have a definite chemical composition. These two elements combine to form compounds called silicates (SiO4)

silicon-oxygen tetrahedra Key Concept #4 Minerals have a definite chemical composition. They combine in a specific structure called a: silicon-oxygen tetrahedra

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra Key Concept #4 Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are the basic building blocks for silicate minerals

Rocks & Minerals ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Rocks

Poly-mineralic Mono-mineralic made of made of two or more one mineral minerals made of one mineral

Most Rocks Are Poly-mineralic

Three Classifications of Rocks are: igneous sedimentary metamorphic

Most sedimentary rocks are made of pieces Key Concept #1 Most sedimentary rocks are made of pieces ( clasts ) of other rocks. Image #2 Image #1

Name two processes that form sedimentary rocks Key Concept #2 Name two processes that form sedimentary rocks Cementation Compaction clasts held together by minerals (cement) the weight of overlying sediments forces particles together

In what type of environment are most sedimentary rocks formed? Key Concept #3 In what type of environment are most sedimentary rocks formed? watery

Key Identifying Features of Key Concept #4 Key Identifying Features of Sedimentary Rocks Strata Clear Layering of Sediments Image #3 Image #1 Image #2

Key Identifying Features of Key Concept #4 Key Identifying Features of Sedimentary Rocks Clasts pieces of other rocks Image #2 Image #1

Key Identifying Features of the remains of once-living organisms Key Concept #4 Key Identifying Features of Sedimentary Rocks Fossils the remains of once-living organisms Image #3 Image #1 Image #4 Image #2

Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

Answers on the Next Page

The Answers: 1. Limestone. 2. Breccia. 3. Limestone 4. Coal 5 The Answers: 1. Limestone 2. Breccia 3. Limestone 4. Coal 5. Rock Gypsum

Igneous Rocks ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

How are igneous rocks formed? Key Concept #1 How are igneous rocks formed? Please go to the "Rock Cycle" on Page 6 of the ESRTS the melting and solidification of magma

Name two places where igneous rocks form Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #2 Name two places where igneous rocks form

Volcanoes Rifts/Ridges

What determines crystal size? Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #3 What determines crystal size?

cooling time

crystal size cooling time

Large Crystals Indicate long cooling time Small Crystals Indicate short cooling time

What’s the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks? Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #4 What’s the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

form on or near the surface (small crystals) form below the surface Intrusive Extrusive form on or near the surface (small crystals) form below the surface (large crystals)

Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #5 Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks

Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5 Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks texture glassy } extrusive fine

Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5 Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks texture coarse } intrusive very coarse

Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5 Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks color dark light

low high Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5 density low high

Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks Key Concept #5 Characteristics used to classify igneous rocks composition mafic contains Fe and Mg felsic contains Al

Key Identifying Features of Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks: Key Concept #6 Key Identifying Features of Igneous Rocks

the grains have been melted and are now physically connected Glassy Texture usually black in color Interlocked Grains the grains have been melted and are now physically connected

Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

Answers on the Next Page

The Answers : 1. Basaltic Glass 2. Granite 3. Basalt

Metamorphic Rocks ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

How are metamorphic rocks formed? Metamorphic Rocks Key Concept #1 Please go to the "Rock Cycle" on Page 6 of the ESRTS extreme heat and/or pressure

NOT MELTING DOES OCCUR! Metamorphic Rocks Key Concept #2 If melting occurs, it is classified as an Igneous Rock

What is the difference between Regional and Contact Metamorphism? Metamorphic Rocks: Key Concept #3 What is the difference between Regional and Contact Metamorphism?

Regional Metamorphism Large geographic area Example: where mountains form

small geographic area Example: when rocks come in contact with magma Contact Metamorphism small geographic area Example: when rocks come in contact with magma

Key Identifying Features of Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks: Key Concept #4 Key Identifying Features of Metamorphic Rocks

usually black and white Foliation Image #1 Image #2 banding of minerals usually black and white Image #3

Distorted Structure folded layers Image #3 Image #1 Image #2

Key Identifier Minerals Dark Red Color Garnet Shiny, flaky Mica

Please Answer the Questions Using Your Earth Science Reference Tables.

Answers on the Next Page

The Answers: 1. Gneiss 2. Quartzite 3. Sandstone Shale Limestone