1. Ch. 2: Minerals, Rocks and Resources

2. Earth materials are used or many things…
Most of these materials are “non-renewable.”

3. The most basic Earth materials are MINERALS.
Minerals are INORGANIC, naturally occurring, solid, uniform substances.
Minerals have well-defined physical and chemical properties:
These properties include: (see next slide!)

4. color crystal form cleavage VS fracture hardness density luster streak
reaction with acid
(some picture examples on next slide…)

5. cleavage
Metallic luster
color
streak
More….

6. hardness Reaction with acid Crystal shape
Are you ready to try these? Click here!
Mineral Identification Exercise
Reaction with acid
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis

7. Links to mineral characteristics:
YouTube - Mineral Characteristics-Hommocks Earth Science Department

8. See this link: Figs. 2.7, 2.9, 2.11 - Silicate Structures
There are over a THOUSAND known minerals, but only about 12 are common!
The most common ELEMENTS in these minerals are SILICON and OXYGEN. The “silicates” are a group of minerals.
See this link: Figs. 2.7, 2.9, Silicate Structures
See the last pg. in your ESRTs for a list of minerals!

9. The PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of minerals depends upon the ARRANGEMENT AND BONDING OF THE ATOMS.
For example coal, graphite and diamond are composed of CARBON, but the carbon bonds much more tightly in the diamond.

10. Graphite Diamond
(End of minerals…begin rocks.)

11. ROCKS
Most rocks are made up of minerals. (Coal and Organic Limestone are made of plant and animal remains)

12. Rocks are able to turn into other types of rocks
Rocks are able to turn into other types of rocks. (see the rock cycle diagram on p. 6 in the ESRTs and on the next slide.)
The 3 types of rocks are Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic. See link to rocks:

14. Rocks are classified by the WAYS THEY FORMED:
Let’s see what you remember!
1)Igneous form when…
2)Sedimentary form from…
3)Metamorphic form when…

15. IGNEOUS

16. Formed from molten (melted) rock material.
(1) IGNEOUS ROCKS
Formed from molten (melted) rock material.
MAGMA: molten material that stays underground. This is called “INTRUSIVE.”
LAVA: molten material that reaches the surface. This is “EXTRUSIVE”.

17. Igneous rocks that form from MAGMA cool SLOWLY and form LARGE (COARSE) CRYSTALS.
Igneous rocks formed from LAVA cool QUICKLY and form SMALL or NO CRYSTALS.

18. Can you guess which rock formed from MAGMA? LAVA?
Air pockets

19. There is a difference in cooling rate because lava cools faster since it reaches the surface. Magma cools slower since it is stuck below ground!
See diagram on next slide….

20. Try drawing this in your notes:
Fine or no crystals – cooled quickly on the surface
Large, coarse crystals – cooled slowly underground

21. In other words, how is your Ig Rock chart separated?
What ELSE can influence the type of igneous rock that will form as magma or lava solidify????
In other words, how is your Ig Rock chart separated?

23. Igneous rocks that form from molten material high in IRON and MAGNESIUM are called MAFIC. They are DARK and DENSE.

24. Igneous rocks that form from material high in ALUMINUM and SILICON are called FELSIC. They are LIGHT in color and have LOW DENSITY.

25. Do you have to memorize all this?
See p. 6 in the ESRTs
(and next slide…)
And..see these links: Earth Science Students - CLICK HERE!!! - Animations and Visual Learning Aids#showDoc; YouTube - Igneous Rocks-Hommocks Earth Science Department

27. Differences in color and density between mafic and felsic igneous rocks are due to their differences in mineral composition.
The less-dense felsic igneous rocks, like granite, are more common on the continents.
The denser mafic rocks, like basalt, are more common under the oceans.

29. (2) Sedimentary rocks form AT OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
(2) Sedimentary rocks form AT OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. Also – they form in or near water!
A) Most form from COMPRESSION and CEMENTING of LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTS.
These land-derived rocks are also called CLASTIC or FRAGMENTAL.

30. See link to “formation”:
Observe an animation of clastic sedimentary rocks forming.

31. These types usually contain rounded grains cemented in LAYERS.
Often, FOSSILS
can be found in
these rocks.

32. B) Some sedimentary rocks form when seawater EVAPORATES, leaving behind minerals that were once dissolved. These are “Chemical” or “Crystalline”.

33. coal formation animation
C) Other sed. rocks form from ORGANIC PROCESSES – from the remains of dead plants and animals. These are “Bioclastic.”
coal formation animation

34. evaporite
Future organic rock - coal

36. There are 3 main TYPES of sedimentary rocks:
In conclusion…
There are 3 main TYPES of sedimentary rocks:
A) Clastic / fragmental- identified by grain size.
B) Chemical/crystalline- identified by composition.
C) Organic/bioclastic- also identified by composition.

37. How can a person tell one clastic (fragmental) rock from another?
What are some minerals that are left behind when seawater evaporates?
Which rocks were once animals and plants?

38. Does all this have to be memorized?
See p. 7 in the ESRTs!
(and next slide…and this link: Earth Science Students - CLICK HERE!!! - Animations and Visual Learning Aids#showDoc) and YouTube - Sedimentary Rocks-Hommocks Earth Science Department

40. Next..metamorphic rocks!
Precipitation from seawater
Chemical
Limestone
It will dissolve!
Clastic
Clastic
Bioclastic OR Crystalline
Next..metamorphic rocks!
Crystalline

41. (3)Metamorphic rocks:
Next slide …more!

43. Metamorphic rocks form when SEDIMENTARY, IGNEOUS or other METAMORPHIC rocks are changed by heat, pressure, and/or chemicals.

44. Metamorphic rocks often show BANDING and DISTORTION of the layers.
The heat is NOT enough to melt the rock! (otherwise, it becomes igneous!)
Metamorphic rocks often show BANDING and DISTORTION of the layers.
Sometimes the crystals align themselves, resulting in FOLIATION.

45. Examples of foliation:
foliation animation!
Next – pictures of real rocks!

46. Slaty foliation
Gneissic foliation (banding)

47. A) Most metamorphic rocks are formed deep within the earth
A) Most metamorphic rocks are formed deep within the earth. This results in REGIONAL METAMORPHISM.

48. B) Sometimes a lava or magma flow can touch rocks and “bake” them, resulting in metamorphism. This is called
CONTACT
METAMORPHISM.

49. Ways that metamorphic rocks can form:

50. Metamorphic rocks are identified by their texture (foliated or non-foliated), grain size, and composition.
Do you have to memorize this????
See p. 7 in the ESRTs!! (and next slide…and this link: Earth Science Students - CLICK HERE!!! - Animations and Visual Learning Aids) and YouTube - Metamorphic Rocks-Hommocks Earth Science Department

51. R R C
R and C

52. Some tricky metamorphic rock questions:
Which rock can be found where these sedimentary rocks came in contact with the magma?
Sandstone A
Limestone: B C
Any type of rock
A = quartzite
B = marble
C = hornfel

53. The Rock Cycle:
The rock cycle diagram in your ESRT (p. 6) shows how there are many pathways to get from one type of rock to another.
(see next slide!)

55. Now for some questions:
What are 3 processes that all rocks can go through?
Igneous rocks start out as ____________ or ________.

56. All 3 types of rocks can reach the surface of the earth and undergo w__________, e___________ and d___________ to form sediments.
The arrows leading to the metamorphic rock box indicate that these rocks undergo which processes?

57. Natural Resources:
RENEWABLE:
NONRENEWABLE:

58. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES: