ANSI/ASHRAE 90.4 Energy Standard for Data Centers The Importance of Adoption by Standards and Code Governing Bodies

Agenda What is the New Std. 90.4? Why Std. 90.4 Was Needed 90.4 as “Sister” to 90.1 Reasons for New Design Metrics 90.4 and the AHJ Why is Code Adoption Important? Good Codes Ensure Good Practices

What is ANSI/ASHRAE Std. 90.4? A New Energy Efficiency Standard Developed Specifically for Data Centers Performance-based Design Standard Recognizes “Mission Critical” Nature of Data Centers Recognizes that Not Every Room with ITE is a “Data Center” Differentiates “Data Centers” and “Computer Rooms” Based on Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Design Loads Data Centers Covered by Std. 90.4 >10 kW and >20 W/sf (215 W/m2) Computer Rooms Covered by Std. 90.1 < 10kW or <20W/sf (215 W/m2)

Why Is 90.4 Needed Data Centers Differ from Other Commercial Buildings 90.1 Tailored to Commercial Buildings, Not Data Centers Minimal Human Occupancy in Data Centers High Power and Heat Densities Magnitudes Greater than Office Buildings Very High Reliability Requirements Data Centers are Mission Critical Facilities Failure, Even for Seconds, is Not An Option Cost of Failures can be Astronomical Failures Can Even Have Life-Safety Implications Recovery From Very Short Failures Can Take Many Hours Use Specialized Power and Cooling Systems Must Test & Maintain Systems Without Interruption Unique Cooling Systems and Designs Redundant Designs are the Norm Very Different Level of Commissioning https://storageservers.wordpress.com/2013/07/17/facts-and-stats-of-worlds-largest-data-centers/

Why is 90.4 Needed Data Centers Exempted from 90.1 Prior to 2010 Formerly Recognized as Special Spaces Exemption Removed in 90.1 – 2010 Revision Prescriptively Mandates Economizers Very Limited Exemptions Data Center Technology is Constantly Innovating Prescriptive Approaches Cannot Keep Up With Industry Advances Many High Efficiency Solutions Available Without Economizers

Why is 90.4 Needed Society Now Dependent on Constant Availability of Data Centers Telecom Facilities now being Replaced by Data Centers Telecom Criticality (911) Previously Given Exemptions by AHJ Also Municipal OEM’s (Offices of Emergency Management) Critical Facilities Recognized in Std. 90.4 Data Centers now Key to Utility Infrastructure, IoT, etc. “The Cloud” is Many Data Centers. Two Most Important Data Center Criteria Reliability Availability Prescriptive Systems Can have Major Negative Impact on Both of These Economizers are a Serious Reliability Concern

Why is 90.4 Needed Data Centers are Constantly Evolving Dramatic Technology Changes Each Year Heat Loads and Densities Continue to Increase Typical Load Changes Dramatically Every 5 Years with IT Equipment Innovations Changes are Too Rapid for any Single Approach to Keep Up With Enormous Efficiency Improvements in Recent Years Design Professionals Also More Creative Wider Understanding of Energy Efficient Techniques Significant Innovation in Mechanical and Electrical Designs Energy Efficient Design is a Top Priority for the Industry

What is ANSI/ASHRAE Std. 90.4? A Performance-Based Standard – Namely 90.4 Allows Engineers to Use Most Effective Solutions for Each Project Makes it Easy to Demonstrate Compliance to the AHJ Allows, but does not Prescribe, Economizers Intended as “Sister Standard” to 90.1 Follows 90.1 Format Complimentary in Application References Most 90.1 Definitions References 90.1 Requirements for: Building Envelope Service Water Heating Lighting Compliance with Those Sections is Same as 90.1 90.4 Electrical Section More Comprehensive Than 90.1

How Is Std. 90.4 Constructed? Two Simple New Design Metrics Mechanical Load Component (“MLC”) Electrical Loss Component (“ELC”) MLC & ELC Can Be Used Individually If Project is Mechanical Only, Calculate: < Table Figures If Project is Electrical Only, Calculate: < Table Figures If Combined, MLC + ELC Must Be < Compliance Numbers Allows Tradeoffs Between MLC and ELC + < Table Figures MLC ELC MLC ELC MLC ELC

MLC How Is Std. 90.4 Constructed? MLC Tables are by Climate Zone 19 Newest ASHRAE Climate Zones Recognized Can Be Calculated in Power (kW) or Annualized Energy (kWh) MLC Developed from Four Quantities Cooling Design kW or Cooling + Pump kWh Heat Rejection Peak Fan kW or kWh Air Handler Unit (AHU) Fan Design kW or Fan kWh Total Data Center ITE Design kW or kWh Cooling Heat Rejection Fans AHU Fans Total ITE Load MLC

Incoming Service Segment How Is Std. 90.4 Constructed? ELC Tables Not Affected by Climate Zone Based on Circuit Losses to Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Calculated from Worst Case Path Losses Losses Can Be Calculated from Efficiencies May Require Calculating Several Paths to Determine “Worst Case” ELC Developed in Three Segments Incoming Service Segment Loss UPS Segment Loss Distribution Segment Loss Utility Xfmr Service Point Incoming Service Segment UPS Segment Distribution Segment UPS ELC Highest Loss Path

How Is Std. 90.4 Used? Compliance is Simple for Both Engineer and AHJ Consulting Engineer Calculates: Design MLC or Annualized MLC Design ELC AHJ Verifies: MLC Value < Listed Value for Data Center Climate Zone ELC Values < Listed Values Based on Redundancy & ITE Design Load Tables for < 100 kW or > 100 kW ITE Load Full & Partial Load Columns for < “2N” and >“2N” Redundancy OR “Trade-off Method: Combined MLC + ELC < Table MLC Value + Table ELC Value Higher Effic. MLC can Offset Lower Effic. ELC, or Vice-Versa Particularly Useful Where Existing Equipment is Re-used

Importance of Std. 90.4 Adoption by Standards and Code Governing Bodies Build Alignment Across Data Center Industry Data Center Designers, Users and AHJ’s Provide Recognized Standard for Sustainable Design Practices Advance the Cause of Data Center Energy Efficiency Validate that Uptime/Availability and Energy Efficiency are Compatible, and Not Mutually Exclusive Establish 90.4 as the Presiding Standard for Data Center Energy Efficiency

Why New Metrics Instead of PUE? PUE (Power Utilization Effectiveness) An Operational Efficiency Metric, Not a Design Metric Developed by The Green Grid Recognized Internationally as Power Efficiency Metric Measures Electrical Energy, not Mechanical Efficiency Ratio of Total Data Center Energy / IT Equipment Energy Requires Actual Measurement of Total and ITE Energy Never Intended to Compare Data Centers, or as a Design Metric If Used as a Design Metric, Would: Require Massive Electrical Calculations and Detailed CFD Modeling Still Not Yield Accurate PUE Mislead Owners into Expecting Calculated Number PUE is Excellent Metric for Tracking Data Center Efficiency Totally Unsuitable as a Design Metric

Conclusion: Standard 90.4 is Published Solves Industry Concerns With 90.1 It Will be Easier for the AHJ The Industry Wants to Use It Code Adoption is Essential