Dioba - binarna fisija u bakterija

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Presentation transcript:

Dioba - binarna fisija u bakterija Početak replikacije na specifičnom mjestu na kromosomu.

Funkcija stanične diobe Razmnožavanje Rast i razvoj Obnova tkiva

Kromatin

Genetička informacija

Kromosom

Stanična dioba je dio staničnog ciklusa Interfaza 90% G1 (gap1) S (synthesis) G2 (gap2) Mitoza (Citokineza) Npr. dioba ljudske stanice traje 24h. M faza traje kraće od 1 sata dok S faza može trajati 10–12 sati, ili pola ciklusa. Ostatak vremena se troši na G1 i G2 faze. G2 faza obično traje 4–6 sati, a u našem primjeru, G1 može trajati oko 5–6 sati.

http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/animation1701. html http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/video1701.html

Kontrolni sustav staničnog ciklusa Kontrola diobe osigurava potrebnu količinu stanica Stanice kože: Konstantna dioba Živci: Nema diobe Kontrolne točke G1, G2 i M(metafazna) G1 – najvažnija

http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/animation1703. html

Mitoza

Tijek mitoze https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0 interfaze profaza prometafaza

Tijek mitoze https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0 metafaza anafaza Telofaza i citokineza

Citokineza

http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/animation1705. html http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/video1704.html http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/animation1706. html

Kontrola diobe stanice je poremećena u tumorima Ekpresija gena koji kontroliraju diobu je poremećena Dioba stanica je nekontrolirana Stanice su besmrtne

Osobine tumorskih stanica

Mejoza (redukcijska dioba) Spolni način razmnožavanja Životni ciklus – izmjena diploidne i haploidne faze Mejoza – (jedno udvostručenje DNA, dvije stanične diobe)

Mejoza u životnim ciklusima eukariotskih organizama (Chlamidomonas, mahovina, cvjetnjače, više životinje) Crveno – haploidne stanice Plavo – diplodne stanice

Životni ciklus čovjeka

Mitozom nastaju dvije stanice kćeri koje su genetički jednake stanici majci. Mejozom nastaju četiri haploidne stanice (gamete) koje su genetički različite, a razlikuje se i od stanice majke.

Profaza I

http://sites.sinauer.com/cooper7e/animation1707. html

Stadiji u razvoju jajne stanice (oogeneza). Oogonije se razvijaju iz primordialnih zametnih stanica koje tijekom embriogeneze migriraju u ovarije. Nakon niza mitoza slijedi mejoza I koja se zaustavlja u profazi I (prije rođenja) i nastavlja se tek nakon spolne zrelosti organizma. Pod djelovanjem hormona oocite periodički sazrijevaju i postaju sekundarne oocite. Tu se opet mejoza zaustavlja u metafazi II, a završava tek nakon oplodnje. (Stadij u kojem se oocita ispušta iz ovarija i u kojem bude oplođena varira ovisno o vrsti.)

Stadiji u razvoju spermija Spermatogonije se razvijaju iz primordijarnih stanica koje migriraju u testise rano u embriogenezi. Nakon spolne zrelosti spermatogonije se dijele mitozom, neke trajno zadrže sposobnost diobe, a druge ulaze u mejozu. Mejozom I nastaju sekundarne spermatocite, a mejozom II spermatide, koje se razvijaju u zrele spermije.

Oplodnja

Genetička raznovrsnost nastaje zbog 3 procesa A) The independent assortment of the maternal and paternal homologs during the first meiotic division produces 2n different haploid gametes for an organism with n chromosomes. Here n = 3, and there are eight different possible gametes. (B) Crossing-over during meiotic prophase I exchanges segments of homologous chromosomes and thereby reassorts genes on individual chromosomes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMEyeKQClqI