Recasting REPEATING THE “RIGHT THING” Caroline Bowen PhD CPSP Speech-Language Pathologist www.speech-language-therapy.com Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen ONE repeat! When parents and teachers hear children make little speech errors they often correct the child by providing a SPEECH MODEL. Child: I made the lello leaf! Adult: You made the yellow leaf, did you? The “right thing”(yellow) is modelled ONCE. This type of MODELLING is called recasting. When it happens in a conversation it is called conversational recasting. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Conversational recasting Child: He swimmed so fast! Adult: He did! He swam fast! Child: I bumped my mouf! Adult: Oh! Your poor mouth. Child: Mummy dergot! Adult: Mummy forgot did she? Child: Does that man work at the hostable? Adult: Yes, at the hospital. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Recasting is best done: “Naturally” as opportunities arise Around topics that interest the child Around topics the child has started, e.g. Child: Daddy, I want a Superman tape. Daddy: A Superman cape? You do? Giving the target word a little extra emphasis Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Too much emphasis is not much help! Child: Superman tape Adult: Superman cape Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Superman cape Overemphasising the word, or saying it too loudly distorts and changes the word and turns it into a poor model Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Superman cape Overemphasising a sound, or saying it too loudly distorts and changes the sound and turns it into a poor model Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Child: Daddy, I want a Superman tape. Father: A Superman cape? You do? This is a natural, tactful way to correct that works well for a typical speech-learner. Children with speech sound disorders need more powerful, focused recasting. That’s where frequent recasting comes in. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Frequent Recasting is a simple, effective means of helping children to learn To produce new sounds To produce new syllables To produce new words To speak more clearly Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Make sure the child is listening interested in the topic engaging in adult-child “joint attention” not urged “repeat” given “space” to “store” the word in good listening conditions Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Good listening conditions Minimum background noise Joint attention Joint interest Face-to-face Speech-rate on the slow side Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Poor listening conditions Background noise Divided attention Child not interested in the topic Not face-to-face e.g., parent driving and child in the back seat Rapid speech rate Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Having heard the adult’s model, the child does NOT have to imitate it. The whole idea of recasting is for the child simply to hear the adult model. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Another reason NOT to urge the child to imitate the model is that it gives the child an opportunity to listen to, think about, and “store” the way the adult says the word. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen If we do something like this: Child: I want a Superman tape. Adult: A Superman cape. Adult: Now you say it … the child will repeat the error, missing out on listening properly to the sound of the word “thinking it” inside his or her head “storing” the correct pronunciation Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen To increase the effect of recasting, when you notice you have “recasted”, remember to do it again, once, twice or three times, later the same day, with the same target in mind. Don’t overdo it, or it will lose its impact (saliency) and drive everyone nuts! Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen aim for 12 to 18 “recasts” per minute for 3 or 4 minutes of a day cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape cape Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen The word “frequent” in “frequent recasting” means recast 12-18 times within a minute for 3-4 minutes of the day in aggregate. That is 1 minute the first time, 1 minute the next time, 1 minute the 3rd time, and one minute the 4th time (if there is a 4th time). It does not mean recast like this constantly throughout the day. If you do it too much, the fun will go out of it and it will lose effect. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Twelve to eighteen can seem a lot! 12 to 18 recasts a minute! <gasp> Twelve to eighteen can seem a lot! BUT IT’S EASY! Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

12 to 18 recasts within a minute (initial /k/) Child: Daddy, I want a Superman tape. Adult: A Superman cape. You do? Cape, cape, cape, cape, cape. A Superman cape. Now, what colour is Superman’s cape? Is it a blue cape, or a black cape, or a white cape or a stripy cape, or a spotty cape (12) or a red cape? Yes, a red cape! So we need red cape material. Do you want it to be a long cape or a short cape? You’re going to have to tell me how it should be because I haven’t made a cape (18) before. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

12 to 18 recasts within a minute (initial /k/) Child: Tan I tate that tar home? Adult: Can you take my car home? Oh no! Not this car! It’s my special car. I don’t lend this favourite car to anyone! This little car stays right here. Oh I do love this little car, car, cardee car, car car! It’s the best little car, car, cardee car, car car in the whole wide world. Do you have a special car (18) at home? Tell me about your favourite car. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen 12 to 18 recasts within a minute (initial /f/) To get your recasts ‘in’ use nonsense and fun! Fee, fie, foe, fum Fire fire here I come! Fee, fie, foe, fay Fighting fires every day. Fee, fie, foe, foo Come and fight some fires too. (18) Try multiple repeats of verbs as an action occurs: faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster, faster (18) Use suitable pictures, games, and stories. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Materials and Ideas Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen king kicking a cup, cuddling a cat, catching a cabbage, camping, cutting carrot, carrying cases… 13 October, 2018 Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen 13 October, 2018 Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen

Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen Snakes and ladders for final /s/ and /z/. Go Fish, Snap, Magnetic Fishing, etc adapted for speech targets Surf Smurf jumping off a roof for final /f/. Copyright © 2011 Caroline Bowen