Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities: Wind Effects Nonstructural Issues Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities: Wind Effects Nonstructural Issues

2 Nonstructural elements to consider when assessing vulnerability Façades Roof covers Parapets Chimneys Plaster Glass windows Attachments (signs, antennae,etc) Ornaments Canopies Railings Doors and exit routes Medical equipment Industrial equipment Supplies Office equipment Medical and industrial gases Air conditioning Electrical generator Hydraulic networks Electric networks ARCHITECTURALEQUIPMENTBASIC INSTALLATIONS

3 Previous experiencePrevious experience Visual inspectionVisual inspection Data collectionData collection Non-destructive testsNon-destructive tests Mathematical modelsMathematical models Structural analysis and designStructural analysis and design Wind tunnel analysisWind tunnel analysis Retrofitting recommendationsRetrofitting recommendations Equipment classificationEquipment classification Nonstructural vulnerability assessment methods

4 Standards and codes must cover components and claddings The trend for international standards is to adopt and adapt the ASCE-7 approach for components and claddings.

5 Design pressure for components and cladding and design force for special and open structures (ASCE-7) Towers, signs, tanks, silos p = q h [(GC p ) - (GC pi )] F = q z GC f A f Design pressure Design force

6 Indispensable:Equipment that can not easily or economically be replaced and is essential for the provision of health services. Essential:Similar to indispensable equipment, except that it can be replaced easily or cheaply. Hazardous:Equipment that can injure people and damage objects. Chaotic:Equipment whose failure may cause disruption to its environs. Functional:Equipment that is not used for emergency health care. Criteria for equipment classification

7 Hipped roof recommended over flat roof

8 Gabled roof with slopes of 20 to 30 degrees are preferred against hurricanes PLAN ISOMETRIC Hatched area indicates where more frequent fixings are required Gabled roof

9 Connection details between metal sheet roof and purlins

10 Typical connection system between metal sheet roof and masonry wall

11 Nonstructural elements are not designed to resist direct loads Failure of an unreinforced masonry wall without an adequate base anchorage

12 Shutters protect against the penetration of flying objects and water

13 For a hospital it is essential to have protection against penetration of windborne debris and water

14 Anchorage of protective shutters on outside walls

15 Anchorage system of shutters on interior columns

16 Exterior doors must be protected against internal and external pressures through adequate anchorages

17 Window deformations due to the impact of windborne debris

18 Impact of windborne debris against louvre windows

19 An unprotected window is vulnerable in the event of a hurricane

20 Roll-up or permanent shutters are the best way to protect windows against hurricanes

21 Permanent window shutter details

22 Details of roll-up shutter

23 Adequate anchorage of hospital equipment will ensure continuous service

24 An example of good anchorage on exterior hospital equipment

25 Exterior equipment should be anchored with special bands

26 External oxygen and gas tanks should not be loose

27 Correct anchorage of external oxygen and gas tanks to walls

28 Restraints and fasteners for larger external equipment

29 Failure of a metallic roof cover and an unreinforced masonry wall

30 Metal sheet roof of a health center was destroyed by hurricane-force winds

31 Damage to the fa ç ade due to failure of a neighboring building

32 A roof from a structure located 100 m away was violently thrown by the strong winds of a hurricane Windborne debris on a structure

33 Impact of windborne debris on a plywood hurricane shutter

34 Windborne debris perforates shutter and glass behind it

35 Health center damaged by a water tank thrown by hurricane winds

Pan American Health Organization, 2005 These slides have been made possible through the financial support of the Disaster Preparedness Program of the Humanitarian Aid Office, ECHO (DIPECHO-III) Ph: (809) Fax: (809) Grupo de Estabilidad Estructural (Ge 2 ) / INTEC Ave Los Próceres, Galá Apdo Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic