I. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

System that transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body B. Parts 1.Blood: carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste products to and from your body cells. a. plasma: liquid component of blood that carries blood cells and dissolved materials.

carbon dioxide in the blood b. Platelet: particle that helps blood clot c. red blood cell: transports oxygen to body cells and removes carbon dioxide; contain hemoglobin. d. hemoglobin: an iron rich protein that helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

and destroys pathogens (germs) 2. Blood vessesls e. white blood cell: attacks, surrounds and destroys pathogens (germs) 2. Blood vessesls a. artery-carries blood away from heart, coronary: supplies to heart; pulmonary: supplies to lungs b. Vein-returns blood to the heart c. Capillary-thin walls allowing transfer of nutrients, oxygen, co2, and waste between blood and body cells

continually pumps blood throughout the body. 3. Heart-four chambered muscle that continually pumps blood throughout the body. a. atria: two upper chambers b. ventricles: two lower chambers c. aorta: main artery in the body d. heart-rate: number of times heart contracts each minute

f. blood pressure-force of blood against artery walls e. pulse-surge of blood from con- tractions f. blood pressure-force of blood against artery walls C. Keeping system healthy 1. reduce amount of fat in diet 2. reduce amount of salt 3. exercise regularly 4. avoid using tobacco products 5. maintain healthy weight 6. practice stress management skills

II. Nervous System Carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord and other parts of the body Parts 1.Central nervous system a. Brain-mass of nerve tissue that acts as the control center of the body; weighs about 3 pounds 1. Cerebrum-largest part of the brain, controls ability to memorize, think, and learn

coordinates muscle activity 2. Cerebullum-controls and coordinates muscle activity 3. Brain stem-controls functions of internal organs b. Spinal cord-column of nerve cells that extends downward from the brain

1. cell body-main body of the neuron and carries messages to and from your brain and all parts of your body. c. Nerve Cells 1. Neuron: a nerve cell that is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system; made up of: 1. cell body-main body of the neuron 2. axon-elongated fiber that carries impulses away from cell body to the dendrite 3. dendrite-branching fiber that receive impulses and carry to cell body

5. Motor neurons-carry responding impulses to muscles and glands 4. Sensory neurons-carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord and brain 5. Motor neurons-carry responding impulses to muscles and glands from brain and spinal cord; cause responses in muscles and glands C. How to keep system healthy 1. Wear a protective helmet 2. Avoid diving into shallow water 3. Use a safety belt 4. Follow directions for taking meds

5. Avoid drinking alcohol and using drugs that impair functions of brain 6. Follow directions for using household products that contain chemicals that may affect nervous system

B. Parts of immune system 1. Lymph is a clear liquid that III. Immune System A. System that removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens-germs B. Parts of immune system 1. Lymph is a clear liquid that surrounds body cells and circulates in lymph vessels, carries harmful pathogens to lymph nodes

that filter and destroys pathogens 3. Spleen is an organ on left 2. Lymph node is a structure that filter and destroys pathogens 3. Spleen is an organ on left side of body, that filters foreign matter from blood and lymph

C. Important information 1. Immunity is the body’s resistance to disease-causing agents; white blood cells are formed in bone marrow and circulate in the blood 2. White blood cells are changed to T cells, which are white blood cells that destroy pathogens, in the thymus gland. 3. B Cell is another kind of specialized WBC that produces antibodies (protein that fights infection)

1. Choose foods that are high in protein and vitamin B D. How to keep healthy 1. Choose foods that are high in protein and vitamin B 2. Keep accurate records of all immunizations 3. Get plenty of rest and sleep 4. Exercise to keep bones dense and protect bone marrow

IV. Respiratory System A. System providing body cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide B. Air enters through nose or mouth during inhalation, mucus warms the air and traps dust particles and pathogens 1. Mucus-thick secretion that moistens, lubricates, and protects mucous membranes 2. Mucous membrane-type of

2. Trachea-tube through which air moves to the bronchi and lungs tissue that lines body cavities and secretes mucus C. Parts 1. Epiglottis-flap that covers entrance to the trachea when you swallow 2. Trachea-tube through which air moves to the bronchi and lungs 3. Cilia-hairlike structures that remove dust and other particles

4. Bronchi-two tubes through which air moves to the lungs 5. Lungs-main organs of the respiratory system 6. Bronchioles-small tubes that branch to form alveoli 7. Alveoli-microscopic air sacs, thin walls so O2 and CO2 can easily pass through them

2.Avoid breathing secondhand smoke 3.Do not inhale harmful drugs D. How to keep healthy 1.Do not smoke 2.Avoid breathing secondhand smoke 3.Do not inhale harmful drugs 4.Avoid breathing polluted air 5.Exercise regularly 6.Avoid inhaling harmful chemicals 7.Seek medical help for respiratory infections

V. Skeletal System A. System that serves as a support framework, protects vital organ, works with muscles to produce movement, and produce blood cells B. Parts 1. Bone-structural material of skeletal system 2. Periosteum-thin tissue that covers bone and contains nerves and blood vessels

3. Bone marrow-soft tissue in the center of most bones, both red and white blood cells are formed 4. Cartilage-soft, connective tissue on the ends of some bones; acts as a cushion where bones meet; shock absorbers; 5. Ligament-tough fiber that connects bones together 6. Joint-point where two bones meet

C. How to keep healthy 1. Choose foods rich in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D 2. Exercise to strengthen joints 3. Wear protective equipment and properly-fitting, well-cushioned shoes and warm up before exercising 4. Sit, stand and walk with correct posture

VI. Muscular System A. System that consists of muscles that provide motion and maintain posture B. Voluntary muscle-person can control 1. Skeletal-attached to bone C. Involuntary-functions without persons control 1. Smooth muscle-found in many internal organs 2. Cardiac-specialized tissue found only in the heart

D. Tendon-tough tissue fiber that attaches muscles to bones E. How to keep healthy 1. Discontinue exercise if you have a muscle injury 2. Warm up and stretch before exercise 3. Exercise different muscle groups regularly 4. Maintain your desirable weight 5. Bend at the knees and keep your back straight when lifting

6. Select foods and beverages containing carbohydrates and proteins for energy and muscle development 7. Sleep on a firm mattress

VII. Endocrine System Body system that consists of glands that produce hormones. Gland-group of cells that secrete hormones Hormone-chemical messenger released into bloodstream Parts Pituitary gland-produces hormones that control growth and other glands. Often called master gland Thyroid gland-produces thyroxin which controls metabolism and calcium balance Metabolism-rate at which food is converted into energy