Policies + Interventions BRAIN DRAIN Issues Research Policies + Interventions

Brain Drain Issues Growth + Development + Investment Role of Human Capital Lost Positive Externalities Key Public Services Medical Services Education + R&D Fiscal Impact Expenditure + Lost tax Revenue

Brain Drain Issues Are there no benefits? Remittances?? Technology transfer Return + Circular Migration Integration w/ Global Economy Other Diaspora externalities

Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?

Brain Drain Research Most Comprehensive Database to Date (2005) Data from 190+ countries 3 Education levels Both 1990 & 2000 New Extensions Place of Education Gender 1970 + 1980 Specific Professions - Medicine

Share of Educated Population Living Abroad Brain Drain Share of Educated Population Living Abroad 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean

Brain Drain Share of Population Living Abroad 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Small Countries (<650K) Median Large (>30M) Total Tertiary educated

Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Caribbean Countries Brain Drain Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago

Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Caribbean Countries Brain Drain 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Caribbean Countries Total Tertiary educated

Brain Drain Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe

Brain Drain Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe Total Tertiary educated

Brain Drain Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.) 5 10 15 20 25 Australia+Canada Europe USA 20% 41% 57% Others Tertiary

Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000 Brain Drain Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Mexico Colombia Haiti El Salvador China Philippines India Poland Egypt Nigeria 0-11 12-17 18-21

Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990 Brain Drain Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Morocco Tunisia Cote d'Ivoire Senegal Niger Turkey Poland Albania 0-11 12-17 18-21

Brain Drain Physicians’ Emigration Rates to OECD Countries Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Gambia, The Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe

Brain Drain Physicians' Emigration Rates to OECD Countries Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago

Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000 Brain Waste Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Kenya China India Russia United Kingdom Guatemala Mexico

Brain Drain Research Brain Gain + Brain Waste Brain Drain + Small States Brain Drain + Economic Growth Medical Brain Drain + HIV in Africa GHANA HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM

Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Do we really have a problem? small + isolated countries Large developing countries Europe + Japan? Fiscal Impact Bhagwati Tax? Turkish Military Service Exemption (if you pay!) Private Education a la the Philippines?

Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Educational Reform Private education Mandatory service Restrictions on mobility Services Delivery Reforming labor markets Healthcare services in Africa

Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Destination Country Policies Should Britain limit recruitment of nurses from Africa? Mutual Recognition of Diplomas Citizenship Policies Multilateral Policy Coordination Trade in Service – why can’t the patient travel? Temporary migration policies Linkages with goods trade and FDI

Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?