a. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place. Waves & Sound A. Waves 1. The nature of waves a. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place. b. All waves are made by something that vibrates. 1

2. Mechanical waves need a matter medium to travel through. (sound, water, seismic) 3. Two basic types of waves: a. Transverse b. Compressional (longitudinal)

4. Wave properties: a. Wavelength - distance from crest to crest, trough to trough, or compression to compression. b. Frequency - number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time (expressed in Hz).

c. Wavelength has an inverse relationship to wave frequency. d. Wave velocity depends on the type of wave and medium. 1) Sound is faster in more dense media and in higher temps. 2) Light is slower in more dense media, but faster in a vacuum.

3) e. Amplitude - size related to the energy carried by the wave. 1) Transverse - how high above or how low below the nodal line. 2) Compressional - how dense the medium is at the compressions & rarefactions.

5. Wave behavior: a. Reflection - the bouncing back of a wave. 1) Sound echoes 2) Light images in mirrors 3) Law of reflection i = r

b. Refraction - the bending of a wave caused by a change in speed as the wave moves from one medium to another.

The girl sees the boy’s foot closer to the surface than it actually is. No! He is looking straight down and not at an angle. There is no refraction for him. If the boy looks down at his feet, will they seem closer to him than they really are?

c. Diffraction - the bending of a wave around the edge of an object. 1) Water waves bending around islands 2) Water waves passing through a slit and spreading out

3) Diffraction depends on the size of the obstacle or opening compared to the wavelength of the wave. Less occurs if wavelength is smaller than the object. More occurs if wavelength is larger than the object.

4) AM radio waves are longer and can diffract around large buildings and mountains; FM can’t.

d. Interference - two or more waves overlapping to form a new wave.

Sound waves that constructively interfere are louder 1) Constructive (in phase) Sound waves that constructively interfere are louder

Sound waves that destructively interfere are not as loud 2) Destructive (out of phase) Sound waves that destructively interfere are not as loud

e. Standing wave - a wave pattern that occurs when two waves equal in wavelength and frequency meet from opposite directions and continuously interfere with each other. node antinode

f. Resonance - the ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency.

B. Sound 1. Energy is transferred from particle to particle through matter. 2. How we hear a. Outer ear collects sound. b. Middle ear amplifies sound. c. Inner ear converts sound.

3. Properties of sound a. Intensity and loudness 1) Intensity depends on the energy in a sound wave. 2) Loudness is human perception of intensity. 3) Loudness is measured on the decibel scale.

a) Threshold of hearing (0 db) b) Threshold of pain (120 db)

b. Frequency and pitch 1) High frequency means more vibrations hitting the ear. 2) Pitch is how high or how low a sound seems to be. 3) Healthy humans can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz 4) We are most sensitive from 440 Hz to 7,000 Hz.

5) Ultrasonic sound has a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz. a) Dogs (up to 35,000 Hz) b) Bats (over 100,000 Hz) c) Medical diagnosis 6) Infrasonic sound has a frequency below 20 Hz; they are felt rather than heard (earthquakes, heavy machinery).

c. Speed of sound 1) 332 m/s in air at 0 C. 2) Changes by 0.6 m/s for every Celsius degree from 0 C. 3) Subsonic – slower 4) Supersonic – faster than sound (Mach 1 = speed of sound) 5) Sonic boom (pressure cone)

d. The Doppler effect – the change in pitch due to a moving wave source. 1) Objects moving toward you cause a higher pitched sound. 2) Objects moving away cause sound of lower pitch. 3) Used in radar by police and meteorologists and in astronomy.

4. Musical sound a. Noise has no pattern. b. Music has a pattern and deliberate pitches. c. Sound quality describes differences of sounds that have the same pitch and loudness. d. Every instrument has its own set of overtones.

e) Beats are pulsing variations of loudness caused by interference of sounds of slightly different frequencies.

5. Uses of sound a. Acoustics – the study of sound. Soft materials dampen sound; hard materials reflect it (echoes and reverberations). b. SONAR – Sound Navigation and Ranging (echolocation). c. Ultrasound imaging d. Kidney stones & gallstones.