By: Mr. Mark Gonzalez Grace Christian Academy The 1850s: Road to Secession By: Mr. Mark Gonzalez Grace Christian Academy

Issue 1: The Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri joins Union as a slave state Maine-free 12 free, 12 slave 36 degree latitude- north of line states would be free, south of line states would be slave

The Missouri Compromise

Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850 California statehood. Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession. Underground RR & fugitive slave issues: Personal liberty laws Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

Issue 2: The Compromise of 1850 Architect of the Compromise-Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky California-free (pleased the north) New Mexico and Utah (pleased the south)-slave territories Washington DC-slave trade abolished, not slavery itself Fugitive Slave Law (pleased the south)

The Compromise of 1850

Effect of the new Fugitive Slave Law

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott JohnParkerHale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852 Election Results

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) “So you ‘re the little lady who started this great war!” -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Written by Stowe Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Slavery in the new territories particularly Kansas and Nebraska should be decided on by “popular sovereignty”-letting the settlers themselves decide on whether should be slavery (advocated strongly by northern Democrats like Stephen Douglas)

“Bleeding Kansas”-result of “popular sovereignty” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians) who attacked anti-slavery Free Soil Kansans

“The Crime Against Kansas” An evil and aggressive “slave power” “Bleeding Kansas “Bleeding Sumner” Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA)

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party] Nativists. Anti-Catholics. Anti-immigrants. 1849  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC. Rise to power short-lived 1854-56

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 Attracted: Northern Whigs. Northern Democrats. Free-Soilers. Know-Nothings. Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican American Party

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Issue 3: The Dred Scott Case Ruling encouraged by President Buchanan Slaves are not citizens-can’t sue Scott remains a slave under Missouri law Congress cannot ban slavery in any territory The Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional

A House divided against itself, cannot stand. The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20c)

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union 1860 Presidential Election Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Issue 4: Secession Secession-when a states or states decide to leave the Union (The United States) Lincoln-will not extend slavery any further December 20, 1860- South Carolina decides to secede A month after Lincoln became president, southerners opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina The Civil War began-April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861