Chapter 4: Prefixes a –, an- mean no, not, without ab- means away from (notice that the b faces away from the a) ad- means toward (notice that the d faces toward the a) For Example: Adrenal Glands – are endocrine glands located above each kidney. They secrete chemical (hormones) that affect the body’s functioning. One of these hormones is adrenaline (epinephrine). It causes the bronchial tubes to widen, the heart to beat more rapidly, and blood pressure to rise.

ana- means up, apart ante - means before, forward anti- means against Example For Example: An antibiotic destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms (small living things) such as bacteria. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was cultured from immature plants (molds) and found to inhibit bacterial growth.

Antigens, Antibodies and the Immune Response An antigen is a substance, usually foreign to the body such as a poison, virus or bacterium), that stimulates the production of antibodies. When you receive a vaccine, it contains dead or weakened antigens that stimulate lymphocytes to make antibodies, which remain in your blood to protect against those specific antigens when encountered later on.

Antibodies are protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens

Another Example of an antigen-antibody is the Rh condition A person who has is Rh positive (Rh+) has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells (RBCs). This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with and is normal. People who are Rh negative (Rh-) have normal RBCs as well, but their red cells lack the Rh factor antigen. If an Rh- woman and an Rh+ man conceive an embryo, the embryo may be Rh- or Rh+. A dangerous condition arises only when the embryo is Rh+ (because it is different than the mother)

auto- means self, own bi- means two brady- means slow cata- means down con- means with, together

contra – against, opposite de- down, lack of dia- through, complete dys- bad, painful, difficult, abnormal ec-, ecto- out, outside For Example: Ectopic Pregnancy - Ectopic means pertaining to out of place and modifies the noun “pregnancy”.

en-, endo- in, within epi- upon, on, above eu- good, normal ex- out, away from hemi- half hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, under in- not, into, within infra- beneath inter- between intra- into, within macro large mal- bad

meta - beyond, change micro- small neo- new pan- all para- abnormal, beside, near per- through peri- surrounding poly- many, much post- after, behind pre- before, in front of pro- before, forward pseudo- false

re- back, again retro- behind, backward sub- under supra- above, upper syn, sym- together, with For Example: The pubic symphysis is located where the pelvic bones come together.

Tachy- fast Trans- across, through For Example: Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP), a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument (rectoscope) passed through (trans-) the urethra. The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases and interferes with urination. The prostate gland is located at the base of the urinary bladder.

Uni- One Ultra- Beyond, excess For Example: Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves (inaudible sound waves) to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.

CORD First Glimpse of my Grandson, Julian in utero

Julian at three months of age Julian at three months of age. It looks a lot like his ultrasound (U/S) picture