Human Population: 6.9 Billion

Population Density vs. Dispersion Density: individuals per given area Dispersion: arrangement of individuals in an area

Types of Dispersion Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Reason: - competition for resources - based on availability of nutrients - enhances survival of the group - not influenced by the patterns of other members of the species - resources tend to be uniform

Types of Dispersion Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Reason: 3 competition for resources 2 based on availability of nutrients 2 enhances survival of the group 1 not influenced by the patterns of other members of the species 1 and 3 resources tend to be uniform

Types of Dispersion  Type: 1 Random 2 Clumping 3 Uniform Example - Dandelions in the NDHS Parking Lot - Dandelions in your front yard - Male squirrel territory

Types of Population Growth Based on: - biotic potential - possible growth if no barriers - carrying capacity - max population an area can hold

Carrying Capacity Determined by: - light - water - food - space - accumulation of toxins (wastes) - disease

Growth of Populations Exponential: - graph = J curve - follows biotic potential - includes lag time - r selected populations Logistic - graph = S curve - incorporates carrying capacity - line of growth usually fluctuates around the carrying capacity - k selected populations

Population Types R-selected: - opportunistic - produce early in life - lots of small offspring - high growth rate - experience boom bust cycles - semelparous K-selected: - live near carrying capacity - few offspring - more parental care - iteroparous - slow growth rate

Boom Bust Cycle Population climbs beyond the carrying capacity and then crashes

Predator-Prey Cycle

Population Change Growth Rate (percentage): r = (b-d)/population (x100)

Crude Birth and Death Rates Based on the number of births or deaths per _______ members of the population.

Crude Birth and Death Rates Based on the number of births or deaths per 1000 members of the population.

Factors Affecting Human Population Growth Economic Development Availability of Birth Control Cultural and Religious Attitudes Education of Women

Population Changes Doubling Time: Rule of 70: Divide the current growth rate into 70 Ex: A growth rate of 2% Doubling time = 70/2 = 35 years

Population Pyramids

Population Pyramids

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Model Pre-industrial: - issues: high birth rate high infant mortality rate low life expectancy due to lack of medicine and sanitation mostly agricultural OVERALL - slow growth rate

Demographic Transition Model 2. Transitional State: - issues: development - more resources - high birth rate, high infant mortality - greater availability of medicine and sanitation - population grows faster - high levels of pollution

 Demographic Transition Model Industrial State: - issues: high level of productivity - greater amounts of resources - better health care - population growth levels off

Demographic Transition Model Post-Industrial: - issues: high levels of affluence - children do not add economic value (can actually be a burden) - birth rates fall below death rates or are at replacement levels

Problems with Human Population Growth - The Human Virus consumption of resources Pollution Overgrazing Loss of habitat for other species Suburban Sprawl

Ecological Footpring IPAT MODEL I = P x A x T I = Impact P = Population A = Affluence (amount of consumption) T = Level of Technology

Humans and Other Species loss of habitat Habitat fragmentation Habitat degradation Threatened Species Endangered Species ESA

Resources Consumption Conservation Preservation Sustainable Renewable Non-renewable

Agriculture Traditional Slash and Burn Green Revolution: Good or Bad? Fertilizers and Pesticides Irrigation GMO Monoculture Soil Degradation Overgrazing Deforestation

Oceans Overfishing By-catch Drift nets Long Lining Bottom Trawling

Long Line Fishing

Drift Nets

Bottom Trawling

Mining Metallic Minerals Smelting Tailings Soil Runoff Water Pollution

Economics and The Environment Cost - Benefit Analysis Remediation vs. Abatement

NRG First Law of Thermo Second Law of Thermo Non-renewable Renewable

Non-Renewable NRG Fossil Fuels Nuclear Oil and Natural Gas: issues with drilling Coal: mining Purest = anthracite - most BTUs Bituminous Subbituminous - lowest sulfur -electricity generation Lignite - brown coal Nuclear

Nuclear Energy http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power2.htm

Renewable Hydroelectric Solar Wind Geothermal Ocean Hydrogen Cells