Enzyme Review

D.

The human body maintains a temperature of around 98 The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements? A. Enzymes function best at a specific temperature. B. The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia. C. The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme action. D. There is no connection between the two statements. A.

The enzyme lactase will break down the sugar lactose into which of the following components?  A. monosaccharides B. nucleic acids C. amino acids D. phospholipids

DNA Replication SC.912.L.16.3- Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information

DNA REP Objective: Recall the components and structure of DNA and Describe the process of DNA replication and its role in the transmission and conservation of genetic information. EQ: How does the process of DNA replication allow for information to be retained and transferred?

Developments in DNA Structure Erwin Chargaff: determined that different organisms have the same 4 bases but in different ratios Also noted that the amounts of C and G were relatively the same; A and T were also the same James Watson, Francis Crick: developed accurate model of DNA’s double helix structure Used info from x-ray crystallography Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins: looked at the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography

Structure of DNA DNA is made up of a long string of nucleotides Each nucleotide has 3 parts: Phosphate group Nitrogen-containing base Deoxyribose (sugar) phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing base

Structure of DNA Quick review! DNA and Nucleotides… Which is the polymer and which is the monomer? Nucleic acids (DNA) = polymer Nucleotides = monomer

Structure of DNA The only difference between the nucleotides is the nitrogen-containing base Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine) have single rings Purines (adenine and guanine) have double rings

DNA Structure Sugar-phosphate backbones Single-ring bases pair with double-ring bases 4 Nucleotides (bases): Adnine (A) - Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) - Thymine (T) Base Pairing Rules: A pairs with T C pairs with G Forms a double helix (spiral ladder) Notice that G and C look similar and pair together!

Base Pairs Nucleotides in a single strand are joined by covalent bonds (sugar and phosphate) Nucleotides on separate strands (base pairs, two stands) are held together by hydrogen bonds hydrogen bond covalent bond

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Adenine

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Adenine pairs with thymine

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Cytosine

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Cytosine pairs with guanine

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Thymine

Base-Pairs Practice Which base would be paired with… Thymine pairs with adenine

Base-Pairs Practice C – T – A – G - G Write the sequence of nucleotides that would be paired with the first strand C – T – A – G - G

Base-Pairs Practice C – T – A – G – G G – A – T – C – C Write the sequence of nucleotides that would be paired with the first strand C – T – A – G – G G – A – T – C – C

DNA Replication DNA only stores genetic information Specialized proteins are used to replicate the DNA Each single strand of DNA can be used as a template for the other strand During replication, the incoming nucleotides are matched with their partner on the original strand All cells have a complete set of DNA Different types of cells express the genes differently, but all cells still have ALL DNA

Process of Replication Enzymes unzip the double helix at origins of replication - Occurs in multiple locations on the eukaryotic strand of DNA

Process of Replication 2. As lone nucleotides are exposed by the unzipping of the DNA, enzymes (DNA Polymerases) pair free-floating nucleotides in the nucleus with the bases on the original strand DNA polymerase new strand nucleotide

Process of Replication 3. The result is two identical strands of DNA - One side of each strand is the original strand (template) - The other side of the strand is the newly-synthesized complementary strand original strand new strand Two molecules of DNA

How do you eat DNA-spaghetti? With a replication fork 

Semiconservative Replication The process of DNA replication is semiconservative Each DNA strand is half original, half replicated Conservative replication would have one copy of the DNA with both original strands; the other copy of DNA would have both new strands Proofreading: enzymes (DNA polymerases) check for errors, replace mismatched nucleotides

Think, Pair, Share Why is it important for the process of DNA replication to be accurate? Where is DNA in the cell? Where does DNA rep take place?

Left Side Activity! Modeling the structure of DNA… WITH CANDY!!! Using twizlers, gummy bears, and toothpicks, go through the process of DNA replication. C- level 2, talk to your table partner H- ask three before me A- using provided materials, go through the process of DNA Replication M- Remain seated in your assigned seat P- create and replicate your own DNA strand Success

Exit ticket Clear your desk of everything except something to write with and your DO NOW.