COPERT 4 Training 6. Exhaust and non-exhaust PM

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COPERT 4 Training 6. Exhaust and non-exhaust PM 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

COPERT 4 Training 7a. Exhaust PM 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Exhaust particles Total Particle Number (7 nm – 1 μm) (negligible particle number above this range) Integrated active surface concentration of total particle population (7 nm – 1 μm) Number of solid particles of three different size ranges (value equivalent to PMP protocol) 7 – 50 nm 50 – 100 nm 10 nm – 1 μm Distinguished according to: Vehicle category Technology Aftertreatment Fuel Sulphur content (for non solid particles) 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Examples of emission factors 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Definition of PM Speciation (OC/EC) Elemental Carbon (EC): It appears in PM samples mainly as graphitic particles formed in combustion. It is determined by thermal optical methods where carbon is converted to CO2. Black Carbon (BC): It corresponds to the light attenuation elements of carbon and it is determined by aethalometers. Black carbon is mainly EC. However, it also includes highly refractory elements of organic carbon (such as OCX2). Also, EC from different sources may exhibit different light absorption efficiencies, hence there is no global equivalence between BC and EC. Organic Carbon (OC): It is the carbon desorbed when PM is heated at high temperature (i.e. 600-900°C) in inert atmosphere. Some of the organic species present in PM pyrolyse, instead of desorbing, and this falsely allocates them to EC instead of OC. Organic Material (OM): It is the total mass of organic material (including the mass of hydrogen) that corresponds to the organic carbon. The organic mass corresponding to the organic carbon depends on the species profile. Usually, an empirical correction of ~1,2-1,4 is applied to OC to derive OM. 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

What is reported in COPERT Elemental carbon (EC), where BC is considered identical to EC Organic material (OM), i.e. 1.3 × OC. 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Values used (excerpt) In cases where advanced aftertreatment is used (such as catalysed DPFs) then the EC and OM does not sum up to 100%. The remaining fraction is assumed to be ash, nitrates, sulphates, water and ammonium, that can be a significant fraction of total PM. 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

COPERT 4 Training 6b. Non-Exhaust PM

TEi,j = Nj ∙ Mj ∙ (EF)j ∙ fi ∙ S(V) General Methodology Sources Tyre wear Brake wear Road surface wear TEi,j = Nj ∙ Mj ∙ (EF)j ∙ fi ∙ S(V) TE... Total Emissions [g] N… Number of vehicles [veh.] M… Mileage driven by “average” vehicle [km/veh.] EF… TSP mass emission factor [g/km] fi… Mass fraction attributed to particle size class i S(V)… Correction factor for speed V (for road wear S(V)=1) and indices, i… TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and PM0.1 size classes, j… Vehicle category 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Tyre wear vs tyre PM emissions Not all wear becomes airborne! Particle size class (i) Mass fraction (fT,i) of TSP TSP 1.000 PM10 0.600 PM2.5 0.420 PM1 0.060 PM0.1 0.048 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

Example non-exhaust PM10 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)

A changing world… 2000 diesel car 2010 diesel car Exhaust PM2.5: 50 mg/km Non-exhaust PM2.5: 8 mg/km Non-exhaust/Exhaust: ~15% 2010 diesel car Exhaust PM2.5: 1 mg/km Non-exhaust/Exhaust: ~800% 2011-10-20 COPERT 4 Training (6. PM)