Boundaries

A. Complete the concept maps by filling in boxes and drawing any necessary lines.

Boundaries by Type

Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries

Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains

Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains Rivers Oceans Lakes

Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains Rivers Oceans Lakes UNCLOS

Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains Rivers Oceans Lakes UNCLOS Territorial Sea: 12 mi. EEZ (Economic Exclusion Zone) 200 mi. Contiguous Zone (24 mi.)

200-Nautical Mile Exclusive Economic Zone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 200-Nautical Mile Exclusive Economic Zone Figure 12.24 12-13

Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains Geometric (“artificial”) boundaries Ethnic Boundaries Rivers Oceans Lakes UNCLOS Territorial Sea: 12 mi. EEZ (Economic Exclusion Zone) 200 mi.

Boundaries by Type Physical (aka “natural”) Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Deserts Water Mountains Geometric (“artificial”) boundaries Ethnic Boundaries Rivers Oceans Lakes UNCLOS Religious Boundaries Territorial Sea: 12 mi. EEZ (Economic Exclusion Zone) 200 mi. Language Boundaries

Boundaries by Settlement Antecedent Boundaries Subsequent Boundaries Relic Boundaries

Boundaries by Settlement Antecedent Boundaries Subsequent Boundaries Relic Boundaries Consequent Boundaries Superimposed Boundaries

Boundary Disputes Definitional (“positional”) disputes Locational (“territorial") disputes Operational (“functional") disputes Allocational (“resource") disputes

B. The Basics. 1. “Boundaries are more than just lines, walls or fences on the surface of the earth." Explain.

Boundaries are not just on the surface of the earth Boundaries are not just on the surface of the earth. They extend below ground to the center of the earth and above ground to separate the airspace between states. . (The upper limit of boundaries in the atmosphere has not been established but most countries insist on sovereignty over all the airspace above their countries under the control of air traffic control.)

2. Which of the types of boundaries that you filled in on the concept map are the best boundaries? (Trick Question).

The best boundaries are those agreed upon by all parties, whether physical, geometric or any other type of boundary.

3. What is the difference between a boundary and a frontier 3. What is the difference between a boundary and a frontier? Why do you suppose almost all frontiers have been replaced by boundaries? Name two frontier regions that still exist.

Frontier Boundary A frontier is an area, usually not well defined, not under full control of either state. A boundary is a line, usually well defined and controlled by two states. A frontier does not bring two states into direct contact. A boundary brings two states into direct contact, increasing potential for conflict. Technology has allowed even the remotest frontiers to be delimited and demarcated, and the discovery of resources in these areas has increased pressure on states to demarcate exact boundaries in former frontier areas.

Last frontiers on earth? Saudi Arabia/Yemen and Saudi Arabia/UAE

Not for long 2015 demarcation of Saudi/Yemeni border

Last remaining frontiers: NW Pakistan/Afghanistan

Antarctica: frontier zones between territorial claims Antarctica: frontier zones between territorial claims. (By 1959 Treaty, Antarctica is shared by all countries.)

C. How boundaries are established C. How boundaries are established? (The 3 “D’s” of boundary establishment.) Complete: Boundaries are _______________ with words in treaties, often including references to lines of latitude and longitude. Boundaries are _______________ when they are marked on a map. Boundaries are _______________when the boundaries is somehow physically marked on the landscape (with posts, concrete pillars, a fence, a wall, etc.)

DEFINED C. How boundaries are established? (The 3 “D’s” of boundary establishment.) Complete: Boundaries are _______________ with words in treaties, often including references to lines of latitude and longitude. Boundaries are _______________ when they are marked on a map. Boundaries are _______________when the boundaries is somehow physically marked on the landscape (with posts, concrete pillars, a fence, a wall, etc.) DELIMITED DEMARCATED

????? Definition: Boundaries that follow and agreed upon feature of the landscape. Advantages: Easily visible both on the map and on the ground. Disadvantages: Not always static (rivers change course, coastlines vary), don’t themselves stop flow of goods or people, and don’t ensure the stability of the border no matter how permanent they may be (historical and geographic circumstances better insure stability of borders)

Physical (“Natural”) Boundaries Definition: Boundaries that follow and agreed upon feature of the landscape. Advantages: Easily visible both on the map and on the ground. Disadvantages: Not always static (rivers change course, coastlines vary), don’t themselves stop flow of goods or people, and don’t ensure the stability of the border no matter how permanent they may be (historical and geographic circumstances better insure stability of borders)

????? Advantages: Hard to cross, sparsely populated, and have generally proved to be stable.

Desert Boundaries Advantages: Hard to cross, sparsely populated, and have generally proved to be stable, few resource disputes.

Iraq / Kuwait border

Libya/Algeria Border

About 500 immigrants die in the desert coming into the U.S. every year.

????? Advantages: Hard to cross, are highly visible and recognizable, limit contact between the two sides, are relatively permanent and are sparsely populated. Disadvantages: Not as impermeable as one might think (passes, roads, tunnels make these borders porous), sometimes hard to define (what exactly is “middle line” of mountains?) and often lead to resource disputes minerals, grazing lands, water for irrigation and power)

Mountain Boundaries Advantages: Hard to cross, are highly visible and recognizable, limit contact between the two sides, are relatively permanent and are sparsely populated. Disadvantages: Not as impermeable as one might think (passes, roads, tunnels make these borders porous), sometimes hard to define (what exactly is “middle line” of mountains?) and often lead to resource disputes minerals, grazing lands, water for irrigation and power)

Chile / Argentina border crossing, 4,000m

World’s highest border: Khunjerab Pass between China/Pakistan, 4600m

Karakoram Highway

World’s highest war: Pakistani troops at 5000m on the Siachen Glacier, Kashmir

????? Most common type of natural boundary. Advantages: Relatively stable (consistent over time), visible on maps and ground, good protection against invasion (provide a buffer zone) Disadvantages: Unlike mountains they foster interaction, usually densely populated due to agricultural and industry use of water leading to disputes over navigation, resources, water use), vary as waterways change course also median line issues varying with water level.

Water Boundaries Most common type of natural boundary. Advantages: Relatively stable (consistent over time), visible on maps and ground, good protection against invasion (provide a buffer zone) Disadvantages: Unlike mountains they foster interaction, usually densely populated due to agricultural and industry use of water leading to disputes over navigation, resources, water use), vary as waterways change course also median line issues varying with water level.

????? Definition: boundaries which follow cultural characteristics

Cultural (“artificial”) Boundaries Definition: boundaries which follow cultural characteristics Subtypes: Geometric and Ethnic

????? Definition: straight lines drawn on a map, often using lines of longitude and latitude in their definitions. Found mostly in North Africa, Asia, and the Americas, especially western United States

Geometric Boundaries Definition: straight lines drawn on a map, often using lines of longitude and latitude in their definitions. Found mostly in North Africa, Asia, and the Americas, especially western United States

FIGURE 8-14

????? Definition: boundaries drawn based on cultural traits, usually language or religion

Ethnic Boundaries Definition: boundaries drawn based on cultural traits, usually language or religion Subtypes: Religious and Language Boundaries

????? Definition: boundaries drawn based on religion Religion, a perceived common history and ancestry sometimes trump language as the source of ethnic and natural identity.

Religious Boundaries Definition: boundaries drawn based on religion Religion, a perceived common history and ancestry sometimes trump language as the source of ethnic and natural identity.

Northern Ireland: “self-imposed apartheid”?

????? Definition: boundaries drawn based on language used historically to draw boundaries primarily in Europe. A common or mutually intelligible language is not the only or even the strongest glue holding nations together. (Examples?)

Language Boundaries Definition: boundaries drawn based on language used historically to draw boundaries primarily in Europe. A common or mutually intelligible language is not the only or even the strongest glue holding nations together. (Examples?)

FIGURE 8-15a

????? Definition: a boundary drawn before (antecedent to) an area is populated or culturally developed.

Antecedent Boundary Definition: a boundary drawn before (antecedent to) an area is populated or culturally developed.

Island of Borneo split between Dutch and British in 1824

????? Definition: a boundary drawn after (subsequent to) an area is populated or culturally developed.

Subsequent Boundary Definition: a boundary drawn after (subsequent to) an area is populated or culturally developed.

????? Definition: a boundary drawn to ACCOMODATE existing cultural differences between countries (i.e. language, religion, ethnic differences)

Consequent Boundary Definition: a boundary drawn to ACCOMODATE existing cultural differences between countries (i.e. language, religion, ethnic differences)

????? Definition: a boundary which is FORCED on to the existing cultural landscape of a region by a conquering or colonizing power unconcerned with existing cultural patterns.

Superimposed Boundary Definition: a boundary which is FORCED on to the existing cultural landscape of a region by a conquering or colonizing power unconcerned with existing cultural patterns.

DMZ between North and South Korea: a boundary politically superimposed on a largely homogenous culture.

????? Definition: a former boundary that no longer functions but is still visible on the landscape.

Relic Boundary Definition: a former boundary that no longer functions but is still visible on the landscape.

Hadrian’s Wall, Scotland

Great Wall of China

DMZ Hotel in the former Demilitarized Zone boundary between North and South Vietnam

The Berlin Wall and the border separating East and West Germany no longer exists, but it is still felt economically.

E. Boundary Disputes. Name the type of boundary dispute which best matches the definitions and characteristics provided. Then give examples of each.

????? Definition: disputes based on the legal language in the boundary agreement. Usually erupt when areas delimited by antecedent boundaries become populated and gain value, for example when resources are found in a boundary area. At that point the exact location of a boundary becomes more important than when it was originally drawn.

Definitional Disputes Definition: disputes based on the legal language in the boundary agreement. Usually erupt when areas delimited by antecedent boundaries become populated and gain value, for example when resources are found in a boundary area. At that point the exact location of a boundary becomes more important than when it was originally drawn.

Disputes over what constitutes the “median line” in a river are examples of definitional disputes. as water level changes, median line changes if valley is asymetrical

Another definitional dispute: What is the exact location of the mountain border between Argentina and Chile?

Definitional boundary disputes usually erupt when areas delimited by antecedent boundaries become populated and gain value, for example when resources are found in a boundary area. At that point the exact location of a boundary becomes more important than when it was originally drawn. For example, the Taif Treaty of 1934 defined the border between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. No problem! (Until 1995, when oil was found in the border area.)

FIGURE 8-16

????? Definition: the definition of the boundary is not in dispute but the interpretation of the definition (either the delimitation (mapping) or demarcation (physically marking) of the boundary is. Often are part of and exacerbate irredentist disputes such as those between Somalia and Ethiopia and between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

Locational (“territorial”) Disputes Definition: the definition of the boundary is not in dispute but the interpretation of the definition (either the delimitation (mapping) or demarcation (physically marking) of the boundary is. Often are part of and exacerbate irredentist disputes such as those between Somalia and Ethiopia and between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

Locational disputes often are part of and exacerbate irredentist disputes such as those between Somalia and Ethiopia. “Greater Somalia”

????? Definition: disputes based on how a border should FUNCTION.

Operational (“functional”) Disputes Definition: disputes based on how a border should FUNCTION. Examples: Disputes over inspections, migration, smuggling, border station hours of operation.

????? Definition: disputes based on use of resources located in a border region, such as water, mineral deposits, farmland, or fishing grounds.

Allocational (“resource”) Disputes Definition: disputes based on use of resources located in a border region, such as water, mineral deposits, farmland, or fishing grounds.

How to divide the oil in the Rumaylah oil field, which runs underneath the Kuwait/Iraqi border? Both countries are pumping the oil out of the field as fast as they can.

The Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are claimed by no fewer than five countries: China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines. You guessed it: oil.

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