Biological Basis for Understanding Psychotropic Drugs Chapter 3 Biological Basis for Understanding Psychotropic Drugs

Function of the Brain Maintenance of homeostasis Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones Control of biological drives and behavior Cycle of sleep and wakefulness

Function of the Brain Continued Circadian rhythms Conscious mental activity Memory Social skills

Cellular Composition of the Brain Neurons Respond to stimuli Conduct electrical impulses Release chemicals Neurotransmitters

Cellular Composition of the Brain Continued Presynaptic neuron synapse postsynaptic neuron Transmitter destruction Enzymes Reuptake

Neuronal Action Neurons can release more than one chemical at the same time Neuropeptides Long-term changes in cells Neurotrophic factors Proteins Gases Effect of steroid hormones

Major Areas of the Brain Brainstem Cerebellum Cerebrum

Function of Brainstem Core – regulates internal organs and vital functions Hypothalamus – basic drives and link between thought and emotion and function of internal organs Brainstem – processing center for sensory information

Function of Cerebellum Regulates skeletal muscle Coordination and contraction Maintains equilibrium

Function of Cerebrum Mental activities Conscious sense of being Emotional status Memory Control of skeletal muscles – movement Language and communication

Visualizing the Brain Structured imaging techniques Computed tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Functional imaging techniques Positron emission tomography (PET) Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Benzodiazepines Diazepam (Valium) Clonazepam (Klonopin) Alprazolam (Xanax) Lorazepam (Ativan)

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued Flurazepam (Dalmane) Temazepam (Restoril) Triazolam (Halcion) Estazolam (ProSom) Quazepam (Doral)

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued Short-Acting Sedative-Hypnotic Sleep Agents (“Z-hypnotics”) Zolpidem (Ambien) Zaleplon (Sonata) Eszopiclone (Lunesta)

Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs Continued Melatonin Receptor Agonist Ramelteon (Rozerem) Buspirone (BuSpar)

Antidepressant Drugs Typical or standard antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Amitriptyline (Elavil) Imipramine (Tofranil) Nortriptyline (Pamelor)

Antidepressant Drugs Continued Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Sertraline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro) Fluvoxamine (Luvox)

Antidepressant Drugs Continued Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) Venlafaxine (Effexor) Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

Antidepressant Drugs Continued Serotonin-Norepinephrine Disinhibitors (SNDIs) Mirtazapine (Remeron)

Antidepressant Drugs Continued Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) Phenelzine (Nardil) Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Selegiline (ENSAM)

Other Antidepressant Drugs Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) Trazodone (Desyrel)

Mood Stabilizers Lithium Anticonvulsant drugs Valproate (Depakote, Depakene) Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Gabapentin (Neurontin) Topiramate (Topamax) Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)

Antipsychotic Drugs First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs Strong antagonists (blocking agents) Bind to D2 receptors Block attachment of dopamine Reduce dopaminergic transmission

First-Generation or Conventional Antipsychotic Drugs Continued Antagonists of receptors for Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Histamine

Atypical Antipsychotics (Second-Generation) Bind to dopamine receptors in the limbic system Preferentially over dopamine receptors in neostriatal areas of basal ganglia Decrease motor side effects

Atypical Antipsychotics Continued Clozapine (Clozaril) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Aripiprazole (Abilify) Paliperidone (Invega)

Other Drugs For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Dextroamphetamine (Adderall) Atomoxetine hydrochloride (Strattera)

Other Drugs Continued For Alzheimer's Disease Tacrine (Cognex) Donepezil (Aricept) Galantamaine (Razadyne) Revastigmine (Exelon) Memantine (Namenda)

Herbal Medicine Major concerns Potential long-term effects Nerve damage Kidney damage Liver damage Possibility of adverse chemical reactions With other substances With conventional medications

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