Dr. Mrs . Gulve R.M. Dept. Of Microbiology, Mrs. K.S.k. College, Beed SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY Dr. Mrs . Gulve R.M. Dept. Of Microbiology, Mrs. K.S.k. College, Beed

Definition Microbiology is the branch of science which deals with the study of small organisms which can not be seen as individuals by the unaided human eyes. Microorganisms are very small, generally less than 1mm in size. For their observation an instrument called microscope is used. Types of Microorganisms- The major groups of microorganisms are I)Bacteria II)Fungi III) Viruses IV)ProtozoaV) Algae.

(I) Bacteria Bacteria are large group of single- celled, prokaryotic microorganisms. The nuclear material is not bounded by nuclear membrain.Their cell wall mostly contain peptidoglycan. Bacteria are ubiquitoes in nature. They are found in soil, water, food, milk,air and live bodies of plant and animals Typically a few micrometers in length. Bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods, and spirals

Shapes and arrangements of bacteria

List of pathogenic bacteria Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Atypical pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae Gonorrhea Neiseria gonorrhoeae Meningitis Neiseria meningitidis Plague (older name) Pasteurella pestis Wound infection Proteus vulgaris Opportunist (e.g., burns) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rickettsia rickettsii Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Nosocomial infections Serratia marcescens Traveler’s diarrhea Shigella dysenteriae TSS, food poisoning, etc. Staphylococcus aureus Most-common pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Syphilis Treponema pallidum Cholera Vibrio cholerae Plague (newer name) Yersinia pestis

List of pathogenic bacteria Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Borrelia burgdorferi Whooping cough (pertusis) Brodetella pertusis Lyme disease Chlamydia trachomatis Trachomas (blindness), etc. Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene & food poisoning Clostridium tetani Tetanus Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria Escherichia coli Typhoid fever Gardinerella vaginalis Vaginitis Helicobacter pylori Stomach ulcer Haemophilus influenzae Lung, ear infection, meningitis Klebsiella pneumoniae Atypical pneumoniae (common) Lactococcus lactis Yogurt Legionella spp. Legionnaire’s disease Listeria monocytogenes Damage to fetus

(II) Fungi These are eucaryotic,non-photosynthetic chemoorganotropic microorganisms, the cell wall contains chitin, cellulose or both they are divided in to two types1) Yeast 2) Molds . 1)yeast-These predominantly occur single may form psedomycelium. They reproduce by binary fission, budding or sexual reproduction. They may be spherical,ovoid or rod shaped. 2)Molds-They are filamentous fungi forming true mycelium. They reproduce by sexual or asexual reproduction. Hyphae may be septated or nonseptated. They may form various types of spores like conidia, basidiospores,zoospores,apanospores and chlamydospores.

Fungal Diseases: Mycoses: Candida, Ringworm, Athlete's foot, Jock itch, etc. Aspergillus Yeast

(III) Viruses Viruses are non prokaryotic non eukaryotic structures. They possess sub –cellular organization. They are ultramicroscopic, obligate intercellular parasite. The simplest viruses are nucleoprotein particles. The nucleocapsid composed of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA. Viruses classified 1)DNA Virus and RNA Virus. 2)On basis of shapes1)Icosahedrical2)Helical3)Complex. 3)Depending on the host -1)Bacterial viruses2) Animal viruses3) Plant viruses

Shapes of viruses

DNA Viruses

List of viral diseases Diseases Diseases Aids Poliomyelitis Hepatitis Influenza Common cold Swine flue Bird flue Rabies Measles Mumps Chickenpox Smallpox Encephalitis Yellow fever

Some protozoa are pathogenic causing amoebic dysentery, malaria etc. (IV) Protozoa These are eucaryotic organisms that occur as single cell or in colonies. Locomotation is achieved by pseudopodia, fllagella,cilia.They reproduce by binary fission, multiple fission,budding or sexual reproduction. Some protozoa are pathogenic causing amoebic dysentery, malaria etc. Diseases: Malaria, Giardiasis, Amoebic dysentery, etc. (shown are harmless--to us--protist components of pond water: Amoeba, Blepharisma, Paramecium, Peranema, & Stentor)

Types of Protozoa

(V) Algae These are photosynthetic micoorganisms containing plant chorophyll.They ,except blue green algae, are eucaryotic in nature. only blue green algae termed as cynobacteria is procaryotic in nature. Their size varies from microscopic single cell to large multicellular. They reproduce sexually or asexually. Algae have wide range of shapes to rods, clubs, spirals and irregular forms. They are principally aquatic. Some algae are used as biofertilizes.

Types of Algae: Brown algae, Red algae, Green algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids Diseases: Some poisonings associated with unicellular types: Alexandrium causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Dinophysis causes Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) [some would describe some as protists]