19.9 Review – The Universe

Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Geocentric Model – earth in the center and everything else revolves around it Heliocentric Model – Earth and all the other planets revolve around the sun Developed by Copernicus

Solar eclipse vs. Lunar eclipse Solar – moon casts a shadow on the earth Lunar – earth casts a shadow on the moon

Asteroid vs. comet ASTEROIDS Large rock masses that orbit the sun, from the asteroid belt COMETS Dusty pieces of ice and rock that vaporize when they pass near the sun;

4. Characteristics: A. Mercury: closest planet to sun, 88 day year B. Venus: Thick atmosphere, 243 day rotation C. Earth: Water, Life! D. Mars: red due to iron, seasons, Earthlike E. Ceres: dwarf planet in asteroid belt F. Jupiter: largest, great red spot G. Saturn: rings H. Uranus: axis rotates at tilt of > 90° I. Neptune: blue due to methane, 165 yr. rev. J. Pluto: dwarf planet, axis rotates at tilt of > 90° K. Eris: dwarf planet, located in Kuiper belt

5. List 3 Earth events that involve the moon Solar eclipse Lunar eclipse Tides

6. Explain the difference between meteoroid, meteor and meteorite. METEOROIDS A small rock that travels through the solar system METEOR – a meteoroid that burn up in the earths atmosphere METEORITE – a meteoroid that makes it to the earth’s surface

7. Where is the asteroid belt located? Between the terrestrial planets and the gas giants; between Mars and Jupiter

8. Where is the Kuiper Belt located? Beyond Pluto

8. Atom Counts 2NH3 + O2 NO2 + H2O

9. Main evidence for Big Bang The universe is still expanding: Hubble’s Law

10. Explain the difference between spring & neap tides spring-sun & moon Aligned so stronger Gravitational pull Neap-sun & moon at right angle to Earth

11. Lists: Terrestrial: Dwarf: Gas Giants: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Pluto Eris Gas Giants: Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

12. Full , half, new moon

13. Umbra vs. penumbra Umbra-darkest part of the shadow (inner) Penumbra-lighter shadowed area (outer)

14. What nuclear reaction produces the suns energy? Nuclear fusion

15. Star properties: Color and temperature Brightness Size and mass Composition

16. How does the life of a star begin? Stars form out of clouds of hydrogen and helium and dust called nebulas. As gravity pulls these elements together they began to heat up. The heat fuels nuclear fusion reactions that create heavier elements, heat, and light.

17. What colors… The color of a star indicates the temperature Blue stars have a surface temp of 30,000 K Blow torch Yellow stars have a surface temp of 6000 K A flame Red stars have a surface temp of 3000K Cooling embers in a fire

18. What are the 4 galaxy shapes? Spiral – a bulge of stars at the middle with arms extending outward like a pinwheel Barred-Spiral Galaxies – a spiral galaxy with a bar through the center and the arms are extending from the bar Elliptical Galaxies – are spherical or oval shaped Irregular Galaxies – have a disorganized appearance.

19. H-R diagram

20.When a star runs out of uel, what might it become? It may become a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole

21. Doppler… The Doppler effect explains that objects moving away from Earth have longer wavelengths, which produce red light.

22. The doppler effect explains that objects moving toward Earth have shorter wavelengths, which produce blue light

23. Define Hubble’s Law: Hubble’s Law states that the speed at which a galaxy is moving away is proportional to its distance from us.

24. List the technology used in space exploration Telescopes Visual – use visible light Radio – use radio waves to retrieve information from space probes. X-Ray – use shorter wavelength than visible light Computers managing data. Space Probes collect information and materials.

51. This represents the number of molecules present in a compound. a. reactant b. product c. coefficient d. subscript 52. balanced: H2 + O2  H2O

Extra credit: 53. Isotopes on one element are changed into isotopes of another element in a a. nuclear reaction b. chemical reaction 54. This type of reaction may involve protons, neutrons, and electrons.

55. What percentage of a material remains after 2 half-lives? b. 50% c. 25% d. 12.5%