INTRODUCTION TO: GENETICS Headings Vocabulary Important Info

GREGOR MENDAL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS AT 21 YEARS OLD HE JOINED THE MONASTARY IN BRUNN, AUSTRIA HIS JOB WAS TO TEND TO THE GARDEN IN 1851, HE ENTERED THE UNIV. OF VIENNA TO STUDY SCIENCE & MATH. IN MATH HE LEARNED THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS *

STATISTICS HELPED W/HIS DISCOVERY OF HEREDITY: THE TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING. MENDAL LATER RETURNED TO THE MONASTERY AND TAUGHT HIGH SCHOOL AND KEPT HIS GARDEN GOING. HE STUDIED MANY TYPES OF PLANTS BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR...

OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS: PISUM SATIVUM, AKA: GARDEN PEAS! OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS: EACH OCCURRED IN 2 CONTRASTING TRAITS) USING STATISTICS MENDAL ANALYZED THE DIFFERENCES HE OBSERVED! 1920s.  This shows a close up of the garden area. It is precisely here that Mendel grew his peas. 

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS PLANT HEIGHT--LONG/SHORT FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM--AXIAL OR TERMINAL POD COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW POD APPEARANCE--INFLATED/ CONSTRICTED FLOWER COLOR--PURPLE/WHITE SEED TEXTURE--SMOOTH/WRINKLED SEED COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW

HIS OBSERVATIONS: FLOWER COLOR : PLANT HEIGHT: PURPLE-FLOWERS → PURPLE FLOWER PURPLE-FLOWER → WHITE-FLOWERING PLANT HEIGHT: TALL PLANT SEEDS--> TALL PLANTS TALL PLANT SEEDS--> SHORT PLANTS

WHY DO YOU THINK THIS HAPPENED?

FLOWER ANATOMY ANTHER: MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART STIGMA: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

MENDEL’S METHODS HE CONTROLLED THE EXPERIMENT BY CHOOSING HOW THE PLANTS WERE POLLINATED. POLLINATION: POLLEN GRAINS FROM ANTHER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA

SELF-POLLINATION: The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flowerof a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different flowers on the same plant.

CROSS-POLLINATION: INVOLVES FLOWERS OF 2 SEPARATE PLANTS THE PEA PLANT THAT MENDEL STUDIED REPRODUCED BY SELF- POLLINATION

WHAT MENDEL DID… 1ST: SELF-POLLINATION CAN BE INTERRUPTED 2ND: CROSS-POLLINATION PERFORMED. HOW THIS IS DONE: A) REMOVE THE ANTHER FROM A FLOWER B) MANUALLY TRANSFER ANTHER OF A FLOWER ON ONE PLANT TO THE STIGMA OF A FLOWER ON ANOTHER PLANT THIS GAVE MENDEL A TOTALLY CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT.

P1 GENERATION: PARENT GENERATION MENDEL USED 14 STRAINS FOR EACH OF THE 14 TRAITS HE OBSERVED WHEN PLANTS MATURED HE RECORDED THE NUMBER OF EACH TYPE OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY EACH P1 PLANT

F1 GENERATION: F2 GENERATION: THE PLANT THAT WERE PRODUCED BY THE F1 GENERATION OF PLANTS GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY THE P1 PLANT FIRST FILIAL GENERATION THESE THEN SELF- POLLINATED AND COLLECTED SEEDS F2 generation

HOW COULD THESE TESTS HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW WE INHERIT OUR TRAITS?

DOMINANT & RECESSIVE MENDEL CALLED THE TALL HEIGHT OF THE PLANT DOMINANT B/C IT HID/MASKED OR DOMINATED THE SHORT HEIGHT THE SHORT PLANT WAS CALLED RECESSIVE HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO US?

PUNNETT SQUARE TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE RESULTS IN GENETICS CAPITAL LETTER “A” REPRESENTS DOMINANT ALLELE LOWERCASE LETTER “a” REPRESENTS recessive ALLELE LET’S DRAW AN ALLELE ON YOUR LEFT PAGE

GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE: THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT OR WHAT THE LETTER (ALLELE) REPRESENTS: “T” “t” PHENOTYPE: IS HOW THE ALLELE LOOKS “T” = TALL PLANT “t” = short PLANT HOMOZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM W/2 ALIKE ALLELES FOR A TRAIT THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME (tt OR TT) HETEROZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM THAT HAS 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT (Tt)

PUNNETT SQUARE EXAMPLES (LEFT PAGE)