1. INTRODUCTION TO: GENETICS
Headings
Vocabulary
Important Information

2. GREGOR MENDAL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS
AT 21 YEARS OLD HE JOINED THE MONASTARY IN BRUNN, AUSTRIA
HIS JOB WAS TO TEND TO THE GARDEN
IN 1851, HE ENTERED THE UNIV. OF VIENNA TO STUDY SCIENCE & MATH.
IN MATH HE LEARNED THE SUBJECT OF STATISTICS

3. STATISTICS HELPED W/HIS DISCOVERY OF HEREDITY:
THE TRANSMISSION OF CHARACTERISTICS FROM PARENTS TO OFFSPRING.
MENDAL LATER RETURNED TO THE MONASTERY AND TAUGHT HIGH SCHOOL AND KEPT HIS GARDEN GOING.
HE STUDIED MANY TYPES OF PLANTS BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR...

4. OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS:
PISUM SATIVUM, AKA:
GARDEN PEAS!
OBSERVATION OF 7 CHARACT. OF PEAS:
EACH OCCURRED IN 2 CONTRASTING TRAITS)
USING STATISTICS MENDAL ANALYZED THE DIFFERENCES HE OBSERVED!
1920s.  This shows a close up of the garden area. It is precisely here that Mendel grew his peas. 

5. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
PLANT HEIGHT--LONG/SHORT
FLOWER POSITION ALONG STEM--AXIAL OR TERMINAL
POD COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW
POD APPEARANCE--INFLATED/ CONSTRICTED
FLOWER COLOR--PURPLE/WHITE
SEED TEXTURE--SMOOTH/WRINKLED
SEED COLOR--GREEN/YELLOW

6. HIS OBSERVATIONS: FLOWER COLOR : PLANT HEIGHT:
PURPLE-FLOWERS  PURPLE FLOWER
PURPLE-FLOWER  WHITE-FLOWERING
PLANT HEIGHT:
TALL PLANT SEEDS--> TALL PLANTS
TALL PLANT SEEDS--> SHORT PLANTS

7. WHY DO YOU THINK THIS HAPPENED?

8. FLOWER ANATOMY ANTHER: MALE REPRODUCTIVE PART
STIGMA: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PART

9. MENDEL’S METHODS
HE CONTROLLED THE EXPERIMENT BY CHOOSING HOW THE PLANTS WERE POLLINATED.
POLLINATION:
POLLEN GRAINS FROM ANTHER TRANSFERRED TO STIGMA

10. SELF-POLLINATION:
The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower, or to different flowers on the same plant.

11. CROSS-POLLINATION: INVOLVES FLOWERS OF 2 SEPARATE PLANTS
THE PEA PLANT THAT MENDEL STUDIED REPRODUCED BY SELF-POLLINATION

12. WHAT MENDEL DID… 1ST: SELF-POLLINATION CAN BE INTERRUPTED
2ND: CROSS-POLLINATION PERFORMED.
HOW THIS IS DONE:
A) REMOVE THE ANTHER FROM A FLOWER
B) MANUALLY TRANSFER ANTHER OF A FLOWER ON ONE PLANT TO THE STIGMA OF A FLOWER ON ANOTHER PLANT
THIS GAVE MENDEL A TOTALLY CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT.

13. P1 GENERATION: PARENT GENERATION
MENDEL USED 14 STRAINS FOR EACH OF THE 14 TRAITS HE OBSERVED
WHEN PLANTS MATURED HE RECORDED THE NUMBER OF EACH TYPE OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY EACH P1 PLANT

14. F1 GENERATION: F2 GENERATION:
THE PLANT THAT WERE PRODUCED BY THE F1 GENERATION OF PLANTS
GENERATION OF OFFSPRING PRODUCED BY THE P1 PLANT
FIRST FILIAL GENERATION
THESE THEN SELF-POLLINATED AND COLLECTED SEEDS
F2 generation

15. HOW COULD THESE TESTS HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW WE INHERIT OUR TRAITS?

16. DOMINANT & RECESSIVE
MENDEL CALLED THE TALL HEIGHT OF THE PLANT DOMINANT
B/C IT HID/MASKED OR DOMINATED THE SHORT HEIGHT
THE SHORT PLANT WAS CALLED RECESSIVE
HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO US?

17. PUNNETT SQUARE TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE RESULTS IN GENETICS
CAPITAL LETTER “A” REPRESENTS DOMINANT ALLELE
LOWERCASE LETTER “a” REPRESENTS recessive ALLELE
LET’S DRAW AN ALLELE ON YOUR LEFT PAGE

18. GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE: THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT OR WHAT THE LETTER (ALLELE) REPRESENTS:
“T”
“t”
PHENOTYPE: IS HOW THE ALLELE LOOKS
“T” = TALL PLANT
“t” = short PLANT
HOMOZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM W/2 ALIKE ALLELES FOR A TRAIT THAT ARE EXACTLY THE SAME (tt OR TT)
HETEROZYGOUS: AN ORGANISM THAT HAS 2 DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT (Tt)

19. PUNNETT SQUARE
EXAMPLES (LEFT PAGE)