By: Lucia Dwi Wulandari ENGLISH ROMANTICISM By: Lucia Dwi Wulandari

What is Romanticism? Romanticism is an artistic, intellectual, and literary movement. Partly reaction to The Industrial Revolution and reaction against The French Revolution and Napoleonic War. Originated in England in period from the late 18th century with the publication of “Lyrical Ballads” that spread to the rest of Europe and America. Ended in the mid of 19th century (1832). When the death of the novelist, Sir Walter Scott.

The Literary Background The philosophical thought of such French writers as Voltaire and Rousseau with their attacks on privilege and social stratification and their concern with nature, man’s emotional and imaginative powers. The german literary movement called “Sturm und Drang” that strongly nationalist and included among its members such names as Goethe and Schiller (German writers) that inspired by Rousseau’s idealism which is emphasized the value of the individual, opposed the rationalism and it revolted against the dependence of literature on ancient classical canons and advocated a return to nature. Therefore, it ready for the literary movement which spread throughout Europe and which proved essentially philosophical in Germany, revolutionary in France, patriotic in Italy and literary in England.

Characteristics of Romanticism Romanticism was embodied most strongly in visual arts, music, and literature. It emphasized the individual, subjective, irrational, imaginative, emotional, visionary, and transcendental. The characteristic deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature, the senses over intellect, a turning in upon the self, a heightened examination of human personality, its moods, and mental potentialities.

Lyrical Ballads Is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, that first published in 1798 and marked as the beginning of the English Romantic movement that changing the course of English literature and poetry. The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth, many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District, or the poet's feelings about nature, which were to be more fully developed in his long poem ”The Prelude”.

The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge's “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism. The second edition was published in 1800, which Wordsworth included additional poems and a preface detailing the pair's avowed poetical principles. For another edition is published in 1802, which Wordsworth added an appendix titled ”Poetic Diction” in which he expanded the ideas that set in the preface.

The Figures The key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and the much older William Blake, followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare Together with such novelists as Walter Scott and Mary Shelley The essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb.

William Wordsworth William Wordsworth (1770–1850) wrote the famous preface to the Lyrical Ballads (poetic diction). Example of his work: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud  I WANDERED lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. By: William Wordsworth

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) as friend of William Wordsworth also contributed in Lyrical Ballads included “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” which his high poem status very largely, justly, and depends. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates to the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage. Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger, the supernatural, or serenity, depending on the mood in different parts of the poem.

Novels Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847) Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula - Bramm Stoker (1897)