Are there more invasive fish coming to North America? David B MacNeill, NY Sea Grant, SUNY Oswego. dbm4@cornell.edu Dr. Randal Snyder* snyderr@buffalostate.edu Dr. Lyubov Burlakova* burlakele@buffalostate.edu Dr. Alexander Karatayev* karataay@buffalostate.edu *Dept. of Biological Sciences, Buffalo State College All fish artwork in this presentation by Jan Porinchak

BUT.. first a history lesson?? Wild Bill Hickok Are there new invasive fish coming to North America? Dave MacNeill, NY Sea Grant dbm4@cornell.edu

Understanding risk and uncertainty with a deck of cards?? The uncertainty: What poker hand will I draw next? The Dead Man’s Hand: unlucky for Wild Bill Hickok? The risk: What is the probability of drawing it? (<1%)

Probability Distribution of Winning Poker Hands

But, the card deck changes… unexpectedly…… Death cards Other cards The Risk ?

Most recent invasive species are ship “stow-aways” in ballast tanks

Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, MacNeill (2014)

INVADER CRUISES

Phase 1: Identification of potentially invasive Ponto-Caspian fish

10 fish species identified as invasion risks to North America 2 GLRI studies: assessment of invasion risk of Ponto-Caspian fish. Russian Literature translation: information on 42 Ponto-Caspian fish; 28 species have invasion potential. Multivariate statistical models: discriminant analysis. Confirmed invasive risk assessment: 5 previously ID’d species (Kolar and Lodge 2002) , ID’d 5 additional potentially invasive species. Of the 10 species: 4 high invasive potential; 4 moderate invasive potential; and, 2 low invasive potential; based on ability to survive ballast water transport. Also ID’d GL indicator species with similar life requirements to potential invaders.

New Sources of Information National Library of Belarus I.S. Lupinovich Belarusian Agricultural Library, NAS of Belarus Yakub Kolas Central Scientific of NAS of Belarus. Over 100 books, periodicals, dissertations, reports from Ichthyological Institutes and environmental agencies examined. Translated from Russian by Drs. Karatayev and Burlakova.

Translated Information Compiled on Each Species Life History Ecology Growth rates. Size and age at maturity. Egg size/fecundity. Reproductive strategy. (ie. batch vs prolonged spawning, parental care etc.) Behavior. Temperature preferences: upper/lower/range. Salinity tolerances. Habitat preferences. Dietary preferences. Invasion history. Impacts.

The 10 “Risky” Species High Risk of Ballast Survival: Black Sea Silverside Caspian Kilka Monkey Goby Black Striped Pipe Fish Potential Invasion Risk: Black Sea Kilka Eurasian Perch Eurasian Minnow Black Sea Silverside (Sand Smelt) Monkey Goby Moderate Risk for Ballast Survival: Black Sea Kilka Black Sea Shad Volga Dwarf Goby Bighead Goby Newly ID’d Potential Invaders: Caspian Kilka Black Sea Shad Volga Dwarf Goby Bighead Goby Black Striped Pipefish Low Risk for Ballast Survival: Eurasian Minnow Eurasian/European Perch Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, MacNeill (2014)

Kilka/Tyulka/Black Sea Sprat - Clupeonella cultriventris. Invasion risk Members of the herring family. School in open waters of rivers, lakes and brackish areas. Can migrate into freshwater to spawn or adapt to freshwater. Food: zooplankton, freshwater shrimp, small fish. May compete with larval fish for food. Use canals/ streams to invade lakes, rivers and reservoirs, “Crowd out” native fish, especially smelt and whitefish. Grow to 5-6”, live 3-6 years. Produce 30,000 to over 100,000 eggs per female. Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Caspian Sea Kilka - Clupeonella (cultriventris) caspia. Newly ID’d as high risk to North America; not Great Lakes? Like Kilka, related to “sprats”. May either be a subspecies of the Kilka or a separate species?? Very similar to the kilka in form and habits. Higher salinity tolerance than kilka Slightly shorter (3%) pectoral and pelvic fins than kilka More common in the Caspian Sea area Found as much as 40 miles upstream in rivers that flow into the Caspian Sea. Produce 120,000 -130,000 eggs Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Canned Kilka..... New Kilka recipes from Rachael Ray?? www.moscowonhudson.com http://organic4you.co.uk/product.php?id_product=333 http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Kilka-in-Tomato-Sauce-240gr_155594903.html New Kilka recipes from Rachael Ray??

Black Sea Shad- Alosa maeotica. Newly ID’d as invasion risk to North America; Great Lakes? A “shad”: alewife relative, Native to open waters of the Black Sea. Has a saw-like belly like alewife, but no dark spot behind head. Similar to kilka species, but has a notch in upper jaw and teeth. Habitat: cooler, deeper water than alewife in in brackish and saltwater. Spawns in freshwater during spring and summer. Food: small fish, freshwater shrimp. Generally 6-8” in length. Can produce over 300,000 eggs. Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

And now, some really boring information on “herring” taxonomy

Some Familiar “Herrings” Family Clupeidae Subfamily Alosinae Genera: Alosa (shads); Brevoortia (menhaden). Subfamily Clupeinae Genera: Clupea (“true herring”); Clupeonella, Sprattus (sprats); Sardinops, Sardinella (“sardines”); Sardinia (pilchard-”true sardines”). Subfamily Dorsomatinae Genera: Dorosoma (gizzard and threadfin shads). Family Engraulidae Subfamily Engraulinae Genera: Engraulis, Anchoa (“anchovies”). Whitehead (1988) FAO 125 (7) :1

Eurasian Minnow- Phoxinus phoxinus. Use: bait species, stocked as a forage fish, sold in the aquarium trade. Habitat: cold, well oxygenated streams, rivers, lakes in shallow rocky areas. Compete with young trout; can reduce trout abundance by 35%. Food: algae, plant debris, aquatic insects, and mollusks. Variable life histories: life spans, growth rates, egg production, egg sizes, size/age at maturity, spawning behavior and coloration patterns. Reach 5” in length, can live 3-5 years, up to 10 years. Egg production: 200-1,000 eggs. Jan Porinchak Breeding male Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Black Sea Silverside (Big Scale Sand Smelt) Atherina boyeri. High invasion risk to Great Lakes Not a true smelt; related to native silversides in the Great Lakes. Broad salinity range from freshwater to full strength sea water. Tolerates a wide range of temperatures from 32 to high 80 F. Forms dense schools, in still or slow flowing water over vegetation. Food: worms, mollusks, fish larvae, larval insects, small zooplankton. Reduce zooplankton density to low levels. Mature early in life, batch spawner. Batch spawner; March-October; 700-1800 “hairy” eggs. Max. size 3”. Jan Porinchak Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Eurasian or European Perch- Perca fluviatilis Very similar to native yellow perch in body form and habitats. Only physical differences: small (pre dorsal) bones along spine and dorsal fin. (See below) May interbreed with yellow perch. Lives in lakes and some mildly brackish areas (up to 10-12 ppt) Food: invertebrates and fish. Both species reproduce in freshwater. More tolerant to productive, nutrient enriched waters than yellow perch. Tolerates water temperatures to high 80s and low 90s. Used in the aquarium trade, fillets are also imported to North America. Jan Porinchak Dorsal Spine Structures * Eurasian vs. Yellow perch Pre-dorsal bone *Source: Collette and Banarescu JFRBC (34) Percid Symposium (1977) All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Genetic Comparisons Eurasian Perch North American Perch www.boldsystems.org

Black Striped Pipefish- Sygnathus abaster Newly ID’d as high risk. Seahorse relative; long, slender body encased by bony rings Native to Caspian, Black, Mediterranean Sea basins; inhabits freshwater to sea water. Invasion history for many inland reservoirs. Males incubate eggs in external brood pouch. Anchors to submerged vegetation to ambush prey. Food: (suction tube mouth) larval fish, small, bottom- dwelling invertebrates. Produce several broods of young over the year (spring to fall). Can spawn soon as 8 days following the previous spawn. Lives up to 4 years, reaching 8”. Jan Porinchak

Monkey Goby – Neogobius fluviatilis High invasion risk. Lives in rivers, estuaries, nearshore in lakes in sandy bottom areas Tolerates fresh and brackish water. Food: snails, clams, worms, aquatic insect larvae, tadpoles, small fish. Forms dense schools; populations can double within one year. Can invade new areas via canals and upstream of rivers and streams. Batch spawners, produce 3000, up to 12,000 adhesive eggs. Similar to round gobies but faster growing (up to 8”), no spot on neck, pale, sandy colored. May interbreed with round gobies. Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Volga Dwarf Goby – Hyrcanogobius bergi Newly ID’d as invasion risk; invasion history? Like other gobies, tolerant to both fresh and brackish waters, Habitat: open waters nearshore of large water bodies and river mouths, with mud or sand bottoms Food: small invertebrates. Usually only live one year, grow to 1.5“ Females produce up to 1400 eggs in 2-3 batches. Spawns in muddy bottomed areas with clam and mussel shell beds Semitransparent with brownish dots on upper body and head. Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Caspian Bighead Goby – Ponticola (Neogobius) gorlap Newly ID’d as invasion risk. Invasion history. Habitats: rocky, sandy bottomed areas, reeds and aquatic vegetation, in rivers, estuaries, inshore areas of lakes. Depths down to 30’-40’ Can also migrate upstream in currents of around 12 ft/sec. Food: scuds, worms, small fish including young gobies 2-3 years lifespan, reaching 3-6” in length. Females mature at age 1 and can produce over 3000 eggs per year. Spawning occurs in the spring over rocky bottomed areas, Broad head, protruding bottom jaw. Jan Porinchak All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

How to ID Gobies: Established Species Predicted Species Round goby Jan Porinchak Jan Porinchak Round goby Tube-nosed goby Predicted Species Monkey goby Jan Porinchak Dwarf volga goby Jan Porinchak Jan Porinchak Caspian bighead goby All art work is copy written and may not be used or duplicated without permission from NY Sea Grant

Results of this study: Invasion success Introduction/ballast transport: broad salinity tolerances across all life stages. (>.28 ppt). Establishment: higher growth rate and invasion history. (79%)* Spread: lower growth rate and salinity tolerances. (81%)* Negative impact: invasion history, smaller egg size, lower minimum temperature tolerance. (73%)* Life history/ecological characteristics (at each stage of invasion): not always compatible. * Cross validations : Predicted invasions vs. actual invasions Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, MacNeill (2014)

Phase 2: Predicting Range Distribution of High Risk Invaders In North America

The next steps: monitoring large ports European Ports with significant shipping traffic to the Great Lakes Great Lakes ports at high risk from invasive Ponto-Caspian fishes   Antwerp, Belgium Duluth, Minnesota * Ghent, Belgium Superior, Wisconsin Rotterdam, Netherlands Green Bay, Wisconsin Bremen, Germany Milwaukee, Wisconsin Kotka, Finland Gary, Indiana St. Petersburg, Russia Chicago, Illinois Kaliningrad, Russia Toledo, Ohio Stettin, Poland Ashtabula, Ohio Klaipeda, Lithuania Sandusky, Ohio Ventspils, Latvia Buffalo, New York Oswego, New York Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Predicted Invasive Fish Black Striped Pipefish GL “indicator” fish with similar life requirements as predicted invaders: Can we use their distribution to predict where to look for invasive fish? Predicted Invasive Fish Indicator Species Monkey goby Mottled Sculpin Log perch Eurasian Ruffe* Round Goby Sculpins Sand Smelt Juvenile Gizzard shad Brook Silversides Emerald Shiner Spottail shiner Black Striped Pipefish Tube Nose Goby* Golden Shiners Brook Stickleback Madtom Bluegill Sunfish Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev 2014

Duluth-Superior Harbor source: USEPA Are there new, high-risk invasive fish coming to North America? Dave MacNeill, NY Sea Grant dbm4@cornell.edu USEPA

Preferred locations based on habitat match Monkey Goby Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Presence of local indicator species Monkey Goby Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Preferred locations based on habitat match Big-scale Sand Smelt Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Presence of local indicator species Big-scale Sand Smelt Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Preferred locations based on habitat match Black-striped Pipefish Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

Presence of local indicator species Black-striped Pipefish Source: Snyder, Burlakova, Karatayev, (2014)

и в заключение…and in conclusion ID’d 10 species: 4 high potential, 4 moderate potential, 2 low potential invaders. Statistical risk assessments very useful in screening organisms. Good predictability! Consider stages of invasion process: (introduction), establishment, spread, impact Life history/ecological characteristics at each invasion stage not always compatible. Species with highest salinity tolerances (> 28 ppt) across all life stages most likely to survive ballast exchange. BUT, overall likelihood new ballast-borne invasions is lower because of ballast exchange. Next steps: Develop “watch lists” for high risk species. Monitor preferred habitats/presence of indicator species. Develop eDNA tools for potential invasive species and indicator species. More information needed on natural densities of life history stages/tolerances. Obtain voucher specimens from Ponto-Caspian region.

Newly Published Paper: Snyder, R.J., Burlakova, L.E., Karatayev, A.Y., MacNeill, D.B. 2014. Updated invasion risk assessment for Ponto-Caspian fishes to the Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 40 (2014) 360-369.

Большое спасибо !! Пока!