Orders Hemiptera Homoptera Isoptera Phthiraptera

"hemi“ = half + "ptera" = wings HEMIPTERA "hemi“ = half + "ptera" = wings “True Bugs”

Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from FRONT of head HEMIPTERA Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from FRONT of head Scutellum triangular and large Front wings: basal half leathery and apical half membranous (HEMELYTRA) Wings lie flat on the back at rest ("X“)

HEMIPTERA Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) egg, nymph, adult

Broad range of habitats: HEMIPTERA Broad range of habitats: Terrestrial Aquatic Semi-aquatic

And food preferences… Terrestrial species: HEMIPTERA And food preferences… Terrestrial species: Phytophagous – seeds and plants Scavengers – detritus, scraps Predaceous – other arthropods Parasitic - vertebrates Aquatic species: Predaceous

Economic Importance Pests of many crop plants HEMIPTERA Economic Importance Pests of many crop plants Predatory species are generally regarded as beneficial Human diseases (Chagas disease) Bed bugs can inflict annoying bites

"homo-" = uniform + "ptera" = wings HOMOPTERA "homo-" = uniform + "ptera" = wings “Plant Bugs” Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Treehoppers, Cicadas, Aphids,Whiteflies, Scales

Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from POSTERIOR margin of the head HOMOPTERA Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from POSTERIOR margin of the head Front wings: homogeneous texture Wings held roof-like over abdomen Phytophagous

HOMOPTERA Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) egg, nymph, adult

APHIDS Antennae long and thread-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts HOMOPTERA APHIDS Antennae long and thread-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts Wings present or absent Presence of cornicles Soft-bodied

Economic Importance APHIDS HOMOPTERA APHIDS Economic Importance Honeydew – attracts other insects, stimulates growth of sooty molds, creates a sticky mess Feeding damage Disease vectoring Plant galls

SCALES Antennae long and thread-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts HOMOPTERA SCALES Antennae long and thread-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts Wings present or absent Many are serious pests

CICADAS Antennae short and bristle- like HOMOPTERA CICADAS Antennae short and bristle- like Piercing-sucking mouthparts rising at BACK of head Front wings membranous, at rest wings folded roof-like over the abdomen

HOMOPTERA CICADAS (CONT) Males possess an abdominal tymbal that vibrates in a resonant chamber on the abdomen Females oviposit in twigs and stems (damage)

LEAFHOPPERS Antennae short and bristle-like HOMOPTERA LEAFHOPPERS Antennae short and bristle-like Piercing-sucking mouthparts rising at BACK of head Front wings membranous, at rest wings folded roof-like over the abdomen

Economic Importance LEAFHOPPERS Many important pests Damage by: HOMOPTERA LEAFHOPPERS Economic Importance Many important pests Damage by: Ovipositing in green twigs Removing sap and chlorophyll from leaves Inhibiting growth of leaves, causing curling and stunting

iso = equal + ptera = wing ISOPTERA iso = equal + ptera = wing Termites / White Ants Social Insects

Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult)

Social Insects Reproductives Soldiers Workers

Workers & Soldiers 1. Body pale in color, somewhat ant-like in appearance but with broad junction between thorax and abdomen 2. Head large and cylindrical, or small and round 3. Antennae beaded 4. Mouthparts chewing; sometimes with large mandibles

Adults (Reproductives) 1. Body may be darkly pigmented 2. Head well-developed, with chewing mouthparts and beaded antennae 3. Compound eyes present 4. 2 pairs of membranous wings, similar in shape and size; wings are shed after mating

Only paurometabolous insects that exhibit true social behavior. They build large communal nests that house an entire colony.

Ecological role Termites are an important part of the community of decomposers. They are abundant in tropical and subtropical environments where they help break down and recycle up to one third of the annual production of dead wood.

Economic importance Termites become economic pests when their appetite for wood and wood products extends to human homes, building materials, forests, and other commercial products. In the United States alone, annual losses due to termite infestations are estimated at more than 800 million dollars.

Phthiraptera Two suborders: Mallophaga Anoplura

Metamorphosis Paurometabolous (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult)

Suborder: MALLOPHAGA (Chewing lice) 1. Head broad, wider than or same size as the thorax 2. Chewing mouthparts 3. Antennae short 4. Eyes reduced or absent 5. Tarsi 1- or 2-segmented, most species have TWO small claws

Suborder: ANOPLURA (Sucking lice) Head conical, narrower than thorax 2. Piercing-sucking mouthparts 3. Antennae short, 3- to 5-segmented 4. Eyes reduced or absent 5. Tarsi usually 1-segmented with ONE large claw

Secondarily Wingless Pterygotes

Economic Importance Sucking lice (Anoplura) are responsible for the spread of disease in humans and domestic animals. - relapsing fever - epidemic typhus - trench fever

Economic Importance Chewing lice (Mallophaga) are parasites of domestic animals, especially poultry. - severe skin irritation - weight loss - reduced egg production