Inertia Newton's First Law Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Inertia Newton's First Law Inertia tendancy to resist a change in speed or direction. Newton’s first law is often referred to as the law of inertia because it states that in the absence of a net force, a body will preserve its state of motion. Mass is a measure of inertia.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Force

Section 1 Changes in Motion Force A force is an action exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion. Forces can cause accelerations. The SI unit of force is the newton, N. Forces contact like friction or field forces

Gravity- Electromagnetic- Strong Nuclear- Weak Nuclear- Field Forces Gravity- Electromagnetic- Strong Nuclear- Weak Nuclear- All other contact forces result from gravity or electromagnetic force.

Comparing Contact and Field Forces Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Comparing Contact and Field Forces

force is a vector quantity. Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Force Diagrams force is a vector quantity. Force diagrams showing only the forces acting on a single object are called free-body diagrams. Only forces that cause a possible change in motion state of object in question.

Force Diagrams, continued Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Force Diagrams, continued Force Diagram (rarely used) Free-Body Diagram In a force diagram, vector arrows represent all the forces acting in a situation. A free-body diagram shows only the forces acting on the object of interest—in this case, the car.

Equilibrium- net external force =0 the object’s acceleration = 0. Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion at constant velocity unless acted on by a net external force. Equilibrium- net external force =0 the object’s acceleration = 0.

Use vector analysis to determine net force!!! Oh Yeah! Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Net Force Use vector analysis to determine net force!!! Oh Yeah! How many forces are acting on this car? Consider the magnitude and direction of the forces, What can you infer?

P 129 of holt in class 1-3 ,5,6

Drawing a Free-Body Diagram Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Drawing a Free-Body Diagram

Sample Problem Determining Net Force Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem Determining Net Force Derek leaves his physics book on top of a drafting table that is inclined at a 35° angle. The free-body diagram below shows the forces acting on the book. Find the net force acting on the book.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem, continued 1. Define the problem, and identify the variables. Given: Fgravity-on-book = Fg = 22 N Ffriction = Ff = 11 N Ftable-on-book = Ft = 18 N Unknown: Fnet = ?

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem, continued 2. Select a coordinate system, and apply it to the free-body diagram. Choose the x-axis parallel to and the y-axis perpendicular to the incline of the table, as shown in (a). This coordinate system is the most convenient because only one force needs to be resolved into x and y components. Tip: To simplify the problem, always choose the coordinate system in which as many forces as possible lie on the x- and y-axes.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem, continued 3. Find the x and y components of all vectors. Draw a sketch, as shown in (b), to help find the components of the vector Fg. The angle q is equal to 180– 90 – 35 = 55. Add both components to the free-body diagram, as shown in (c).

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem, continued 4. Find the net force in both the x and y directions. Diagram (d) shows another free-body diagram of the book, now with forces acting only along the x- and y-axes. For the x direction: SFx = Fg,x – Ff SFx = 13 N – 11 N SFx = 2 N For the y direction: SFy = Ft – Fg,y SFy = 18 N – 18 N SFy = 0 N

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Sample Problem, continued 5. Find the net force. Add the net forces in the x and y directions together as vectors to find the total net force. In this case, Fnet = 2 N in the +x direction, as shown in (e). Thus, the book accelerates down the incline.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Mass and Inertia

Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt While inertia causes passengers in a car to continue moving forward as the car slows down, inertia also causes seat belts to lock into place. The illustration shows how one type of shoulder harness operates. When the car suddenly slows down, inertia causes the large mass under the seat to continue moving, which activates the lock on the safety belt.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Equilibrium Equilibrium is the state in which the net force on an object is zero. Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium. Newton’s first law describes objects in equilibrium.

net force = mass  acceleration Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Newton’s Second Law SF = ma net force = mass  acceleration SF represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force.

Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Newton’s Second Law

Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Action and Reaction Forces Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Action and Reaction Forces Action-reaction pairs do not imply that the net force on either object is zero. .

Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law

Chapter 4 Objectives Explain the difference between mass and weight. Section 4 Everyday Forces Objectives Explain the difference between mass and weight. Find the direction and magnitude of normal forces. Describe air resistance as a form of friction. Use coefficients of friction to calculate frictional force.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Weight The gravitational force (Fg) exerted on an object by Earth is a vector quantity, directed toward the center of Earth. The magnitude of this force (Fg) is a scalar quantity called weight. Weight changes with the location of an object in the universe.

Chapter 4 Weight, continued Calculating weight at any location: Section 4 Everyday Forces Weight, continued Calculating weight at any location: Fg = mag ag = free-fall acceleration at that location Calculating weight on Earth's surface: ag = g = 9.81 m/s2 Fg = mg = m(9.81 m/s2)

Comparing Mass and Weight Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Comparing Mass and Weight

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Normal Force The normal force is perpendicular to the surface. not always opposite in direction g. Fn = mg cos q.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Normal Force

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Friction Static friction force resisting initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces at rest. Kinetic friction =force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are sliding over each other. Kinetic friction is always less than the maximum static friction.

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Friction

Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface of contact. kinetic friction always opposite the direction of motion. for static friction, always opposite the direction of likey motion.

The Coefficient of Friction Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces The Coefficient of Friction The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on the particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of friction, m. Coefficient of kinetic friction: Coefficient of static friction:

Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces

Chapter 4 Sample Problem Overcoming Friction Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem Overcoming Friction A student attaches a rope to a 20.0 kg box of books.He pulls with a force of 90.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the sidewalk is 0.500. Find the acceleration of the box.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued 1. Define Given: m = 20.0 kg mk = 0.500 Fapplied = 90.0 N at q = 30.0° Unknown: a = ? Diagram:

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued 2. Plan Choose a convenient coordinate system, and find the x and y components of all forces. The diagram on the right shows the most convenient coordinate system, because the only force to resolve into components is Fapplied. Fapplied,y = (90.0 N)(sin 30.0º) = 45.0 N (upward) Fapplied,x = (90.0 N)(cos 30.0º) = 77.9 N (to the right)

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued Choose an equation or situation: A. Find the normal force, Fn, by applying the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction: SFy = 0 B. Calculate the force of kinetic friction on the box: Fk = mkFn C. Apply Newton’s second law along the horizontal direction to find the acceleration of the box: SFx = max

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued 3. Calculate A. To apply the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction, you need to account for all of the forces in the y direction: Fg, Fn, and Fapplied,y. You know Fapplied,y and can use the box’s mass to find Fg. Fapplied,y = 45.0 N Fg = (20.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 196 N Next, apply the equilibrium condition, SFy = 0, and solve for Fn. SFy = Fn + Fapplied,y – Fg = 0 Fn + 45.0 N – 196 N = 0 Fn = –45.0 N + 196 N = 151 N Tip: Remember to pay attention to the direction of forces. In this step, Fg is subtracted from Fn and Fapplied,y because Fg is directed downward.

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued B. Use the normal force to find the force of kinetic friction. Fk = mkFn = (0.500)(151 N) = 75.5 N C. Use Newton’s second law to determine the horizontal acceleration. a = 0.12 m/s2 to the right

Sample Problem, continued Chapter 4 Section 4 Everyday Forces Sample Problem, continued 4. Evaluate The box accelerates in the direction of the net force, in accordance with Newton’s second law. The normal force is not equal in magnitude to the weight because the y component of the student’s pull on the rope helps support the box.

Chapter 4 Air Resistance Section 4 Everyday Forces Air Resistance Air resistance is a form of friction. Whenever an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or water, the fluid provides a resistance to the object’s motion. For a falling object, when the upward force of air resistance balances the downward gravitational force, the net force on the object is zero. The object continues to move downward with a constant maximum speed, called the terminal speed.

Chapter 4 Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces: Section 4 Everyday Forces Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces: Electromagnetic force Gravitational force Strong nuclear force Weak nuclear force The four fundamental forces are all field forces.

Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1. 1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks? A. C. B. D.

Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1. 1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks? A. C. B. D.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1. 2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2? F. m1a G. m2a H. (m1 + m2)a J. m1m2a

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1. 2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2? F. m1a G. m2a H. (m1 + m2)a J. m1m2a

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate. A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis C. 3.30 x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis D. 3.30 x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate. A. 3.30 N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis B. 3.30 N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis C. 3.30 x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis D. 3.30 x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball? A. mballg directed down B. mballg directed up C. mearthg directed down D. mearthg directed up

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball? A. mballg directed down B. mballg directed up C. mearthg directed down D. mearthg directed up

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.) A. 4.7 x 102s B. 4.7s C. 5.0 x 10-2s D. 5.0 x 104s

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.) A. 4.7 x 102s B. 4.7s C. 5.0 x 10-2s D. 5.0 x 104s

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement Dx. 6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of Dx. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.) A. Dx/4 B. Dx C. 2Dx D. 4Dx

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement Dx. 6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of Dx. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.) A. Dx/4 B. Dx C. 2Dx D. 4Dx

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement Dx. 7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance? A. Dx/4 B. Dx C. 2Dx D. 4Dx

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7. A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids to a stop through a displacement Dx. 7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance? A. Dx/4 B. Dx C. 2Dx D. 4Dx

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction. 8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A? F. Fs=Fapplied G. Fk=Fapplied H. Fs<Fapplied I. Fk>Fapplied

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction. 8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A? F. Fs=Fapplied G. Fk=Fapplied H. Fs<Fapplied I. Fk>Fapplied

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction. 9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B? A. Fs, max=Fk B. Fk> Fs, max C. Fk>Fapplied D. Fk<Fapplied

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction. 9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B? A. Fs, max=Fk B. Fk> Fs, max C. Fk>Fapplied D. Fk<Fapplied

Chapter 4 Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the Standardized Test Prep Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground?

Chapter 4 Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the Standardized Test Prep Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground? Answer: 6.00 s

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground? Answer: 72.0 m

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed?

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the information below. A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the roof of a building 176.4 m high.While the ball is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant force of 12.0 N on the ball. 12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed? Answer: 63.6 m/s

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right.

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right. Answer: at rest, moves to the left, hits back wall

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the truck moves with a constant velocity to the right. Answer: moves to the right, at rest, neither

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 15. The truck in item 14 slows down.

Short Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the passage. A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck. For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction. 15. The truck in item 14 slows down. Answer: moves to the right, moves to the right, hits front wall

Chapter 4 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Extended Response 16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º. If mk between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work.

Chapter 4 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Extended Response 16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º. If mk between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work. Answer: 0.71 m/s2

Extended Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued 17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams, and identify all the forces involved. How do they combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force you must supply to hold the book up be different for different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly which measurements will be necessary and what equipment you will need.

Extended Response, continued Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued 17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams, and identify all the forces involved. How do they combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force you must supply to hold the book up be different for different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly which measurements will be necessary and what equipment you will need. Answer: Plans should involve measuring forces such as weight, applied force, normal force, and friction.

Chapter 4 Section 1 Changes in Motion Force Diagrams

Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt Chapter 4 Section 2 Newton’s First Law Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt