AICE Marine Science Unit 5

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Presentation transcript:

AICE Marine Science Unit 5 Coral Reefs & Lagoons AICE Marine Science Unit 5

What are corals? Invertebrate marine animal A polyp that begins to form an exoskeleton CO2 & Ca in the water to make calcium carbonate (CaCO3) aka limestone Sessile – immobile Form colonies

Habitat Usually between 30O N & S latitudes Usually in Photic Zone Clear, warm, tropical, shallow

Coral Reef Growth Needs Lots of light (low to no turbidity) Depth between 0-20M (to deep = not enough light) Temperatures averaging 23°-25°C (70°-85°F) Most coral cannot survive below 16° C Must have Salinity between 34-37ppt Substrate is a limiting factor

Reef-building Corals (shallow):

Reef-building Corals: Hermatypic Corals = reef-building/shallow Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Subclass Zoantharia Order Scleractinia Primarily made up of small individual coral polyps Skeleton made up of calcium carbonate

Reef-building Corals: Have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae Dinoflagellate that lives within their tissues Corals get energy & O2 & wastes removed Zooxanthellae gets products for photosynthesis& a “safe” home Fun Fact: Zooxanthellae is what gives coral its color!

Coral Polyps http://youtu.be/wbNeIn3vVKM

3 Coral Reef formations: 1 Fringing = Usually closest to shoreline (sometimes called finger reef); most common (like a skirt) Barrier = Separated from mainland by a lagoon Atoll = Ring of sand, coral, & land w/ central lagoon; oldest reef formation (sinking volcanic island) 2 3

Fringing

Barrier

Atolls Bikini Atoll Belize

Darwin-Dana-Daly Theory of Atoll Formation Oceanic volcano emerges from sea & forms an island Reef-building corals build & surround island (fringing) Island sinks & lagoon forms between island & reef (barrier) Island disappears below sea, leaving ring of small islands w/ lagoon in center (atoll)

Darwin-Dana-Daly Theory Coral atolls 1st proposed by Charles Darwin HMS Beagle (Nov 1835 – Apr 1836) Supported and modified by 2 geologists James Daly Reginald Dana

Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of coral atoll formation 1. Oceanic volcano emerges from sea surface and forms an island Colonized by reef-building corals

Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of coral atoll formation 2. Growth of corals forms a fringing reef around the island Fringing reef – coral structure attached to the mainland or continental islands Island begins to sink slowly Coral growth continues

Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of coral atoll formation 3. Island continues to sink Barrier reef forms with lagoon around reef and island Barrier reef - reef separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep channel or lagoon

Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of coral atoll formation 4. Island eventually disappears below sea surface Atoll - consists of a ring of small islands Shallow lagoon in center

Atoll Formation Fringing reef can take 10,000 years to form Atolls up to 30 my Coral – tan and purple

Evidence Data from deep drilling on coral atolls Bikini Atoll (Pacific Ocean) As depth of corals increased, age of corals also increased Fossil corals dated 50 myo and found 1200 m deep Grown on underlying volcanic rock Shallow corals found at deep depths!

Atoll Formation, an animation: Thanks for animation NOAA

Stop Day 1