Chapter 2 Applications of the Derivative

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Chapter 2 Applications of the Derivative

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 Applications of the Derivative

Chapter Outline Describing Graphs of Functions The First and Second Derivative Rules The First and Second Derivative Tests and Curve Sketching Curve Sketching (Conclusion) Optimization Problems Further Optimization Problems Applications of Derivatives to Business and Economics

§ 2.1 Describing Graphs of Functions

Section Outline Increasing and Decreasing Functions Relative and Absolute Extrema Changing Slope Concavity Inflection Points x- and y-Intercepts Asymptotes Describing Graphs

Increasing Functions

Decreasing Functions

Relative Maxima & Minima

Absolute Maxima & Minima

Changing Slope EXAMPLE Draw the graph of a function y = f (T) with the stated properties. In certain professions the average annual income has been rising at an increasing rate. Let f (T) denote the average annual income at year T for persons in one of these professions and sketch a graph that could represent f (T). SOLUTION Since f (T) is rising at an increasing rate, this means that the slope of the graph of f (T) will continually increase. The following is a possible example. Notice that the slope becomes continually steeper.

Concavity Concave Up Concave Down

Inflection Points Notice that an inflection point is not where a graph changes from an increasing to a decreasing slope, but where the graph changes its concavity.

Intercepts Definition x-Intercept: A point at which a graph crosses the x-axis. y-Intercept: A point at which a graph crosses the y-axis.

Asymptotes Definition Horizontal Asymptotes: A straight, horizontal line that a graph follows indefinitely as x increases without bound. Vertical Asymptotes: A straight, vertical line that a graph follows indefinitely as y increases without bound. Horizontal asymptotes occur when exists, in which case the asymptote is: If a function is undefined at x = a, a vertical asymptote occurs when a denominator equals zero, in which case the asymptote is: x = a.

6-Point Graph Description

Describing Graphs EXAMPLE Use the 6 categories previously mentioned to describe the graph. SOLUTION 1) The function is increasing over the intervals The function is decreasing over the intervals Relative maxima are at x = -1 and at x = 5.5. Relative minima is at x = 3 and at x = -3.

Describing Graphs CONTINUED 2) The function has a (absolute) maximum value at x = -1. The function has a (absolute) minimum value at x = -3. 3) The function is concave up over the interval The function is concave down over the interval This function has exactly one inflection point, located at x =1. 4) The function has three x-intercepts, located at x = -2.5, x = 1.25, and x = 4.5. The function has one y-intercept at y = 3.5. 5) Over the function’s domain, , the function is not undefined for any value of x. 6) The function does not appear to have any asymptotes, horizontal or vertical.