Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Example of a dead-leg in a pump station design layout caused by a by-pass line

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Schematic of interface development due to axial turbulent mixing between heavy and light crude batches (L is the distance along the pipeline from the start to the location of the mid concentration point within the mixed zone)

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: General correlations for axial diffusion coefficient [12]

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Concentration profile of interfacial contamination between heavy and light crudes of Table 1 (KMP)

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: CFD computational domain

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: CFD generated top-view of the state of the heavy and light crudes at time = 50 s when the first gravity wave arrives at the closed end of the dead-leg

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: CFD images of a vertical cross section passing through the centerline of the dead-leg at different times, showing various stages of heavy crude draining out at the mouth end (top image: 100% light crude, bottom image: almost 100% heavy crude)

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Results of CFD simulation showing the volume of heavy crude remaining in the dead-leg following the passing of a sharp interface with light crude

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Resulting concentration profile of heavy crude in light crude at the outlet of the pump station due to presence of four dead-legs in the station piping layout

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Normalized volume of heavy crude remaining in the dead-leg versus normalized time following the passing of a sharp interface with light crude

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Concentration profile at pump station inlet at 90 KMP, and results from CFD simulation of the heavy crude volume remaining in the dead-leg

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Concentration profiles at pump station (at 90 KMP) inlet and outlet and further diffusion profile to the next pump station at 180 KMP

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Concentration profile at pump station inlet at 180 KMP, and results from CFD simulation of the heavy crude volume remaining in the dead-leg

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Concentration profiles at pump station (at 180 KMP) inlet and outlet

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Data from Keystone pipeline of an interface between two batches of crude oil arriving at Patoka Terminal [24]

Date of download: 12/26/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Interfacial Contamination Between Batches of Crude Oil Due to Dead-Legs in Pump Station Piping J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2016;138(5):052908-052908-8. doi:10.1115/1.4033401 Figure Legend: Comparison between field data from Keystone pipeline and strictly axial diffusion along the pipeline based on the condition in Table 2