Do Now 1. Artifact 2. Domestication 3. Neolithic Age Get out Roman Roads activity, pass it forward. Take this practice matching quiz on your new Do Now sheet. 1. Artifact a. Taming of animals 2. Domestication b. Prehistoric period (2.5 mil.-8000 B.C.) during which people used crude stone tools and weapons. 3. Neolithic Age c. Becoming qualified to perform a specific task. 4. Paleolithic Age d. Human made object such as a tool, weapon, or piece of jewelry 5. Specialization e. 8000-3000 B.C. People learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals.

The Pax Romana

The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar aka – Octavian, sets up Roman Empire in 27 BC after defeating Marc Anthony. Creates many reforms like: Civil service system – people of all classes can have jobs. Set up uniform rule of law Guaranteed safe travel/trade on Roman roads Created common coinage - make trade easier. PRAETORIAN GUARD- Police of Rome

The Pax Romana Augustus’ reign started 200 year period known as Pax Romana – Roman peace. 27 BC to AD 180 was peaceful and stable. **ONLY INSTABILITY** was transfer of power - law didn’t provide easy succession of Emperors.

Awesome Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) Often said Emperor Augustus, “Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.” Unified and enlarged Roman Empire using imperial authority and strong military. http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/core1images/augustus.jpg

The Julian Emperors Augustus dies in AD 14. 4 emperors who follow are the Julian emperors = all related to Julius Caesar.

Tiberius (14-37 A.D.) Very unpopular Known for making poor decisions and for attacking his enemies. Said that ruling Rome was like “holding a wolf by it’s ears.” http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/tiberius.html

Crazy Caligula! (37-41 A.D.) Caligula takes over in AD 37. Grand- nephew to Tiberius Brutal, corrupt, mentally disturbed Names his horse to be a consul. Praetorian Guard assassinated Crazy Caligula in AD 41. http://www.aeria.phil.uni-erlangen.de/photo_html/portraet/roemisch/kaiserzeit/benannt/caligula/caligu4.JPG

Crippled Claudius (41-54 A.D.) Paralyzed uncle of Caligula takes over in AD 41. Very smart, great leader. His humility made him very popular Dies in AD 54 Stepson Nero takes the throne http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/claudius.html

What does persecute mean? Nasty Nero (54-68 A.D.) Got the crazy genes from Caligula. Had mother, wife, and many senators murdered. Persecuted Christians What does persecute mean? Neglected duties, became fearful he would be killed, and committed suicide in AD 68. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nero.html

Confusion and Chaos In next year, 4 generals lead Rome (“The Year of the Four Emperors”). Vespasian eventually wins, starts rule in AD 69. (rules for ten years) Extends Roman citizenship to all men in military. Sons Titus and Domitian take over.

Vespasian (69-79 A.D.) Pivotal moment: The first emperor not related to the family of Augustus, Vespasian achieved imperial power by the support of the armies and via a special law enacted to confer authority on him. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romespivotalemperors_gallery_02.shtml

The Good Emperors Good Emperors rule from AD 96- 180. Include : Nerva – appointed by Senate, popular with people, not with military Trajan - extended empire to its furthest reaches Hadrian – Builds Wall across north Britain to protect against invaders. Secured the Roman borders. Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius – Respected scholar - His death in AD 180 ends the Pax Romana

Hadrian 117-138 A.D. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romespivotalemperors_gallery_03.shtml

Hadrian’s Wall http://www.contours.co.uk/self-guided/images/hadrians-wall.gif http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/img_400/hw_housesteads_03.jpg

Marcus Aurelius ･Born 121 AD Reigned 161 - 180 AD http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romespivotalemperors_gallery_04.shtml http://skyscraper.fortunecity.com/quantum/773/fotos/gladiator6.jpg

Summary “The emperor was what he did.” Regardless of the strengths or weaknesses of a leader, Rome still ran fairly smoothly. Many of the problems are rooted in the fact that Augustus never set up clear standards for succession of power. The emperor answered first and foremost to the military.

The End of the Pax Romana A succession of weak leaders and civil wars follows as Rome begins its slow decline.

Reflection After learning about some of the emperors, the Pax Romana does not seem very peaceful? Why do you think it carried that name?