3_14_05 IB 202

5. Phylum Mollusca: Mollusks have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle ~ 150,000 known species of diverse forms, including snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopi and squids. Mostly marine, some fresh water, and some terrestrial snails and slug. Mollusks are soft-bodied animals; most protected by a hard shell of calcium carbonate. Exceptions: slugs, squids, and octopi have reduced or lost their shells completely during their evolution. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Similar body plan- muscular foot (typically for locomotion), a visceral mass with most of the internal organs, and a mantle. The mantle, which secretes the shell, drapes over the visceral mass and creates a water-filled chamber, the mantle cavity, with the gills, anus, and excretory pores. Many mollusks feed by using a straplike rasping organ, a radula, to scrape up food. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

-the hardest material (magnetite) of biological origin Teeth of radula -the hardest material (magnetite) of biological origin Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Most mollusks have separate sexes However, many snails are outcrossing hermaphrodites. The life cycle of many marine mollusks includes a ciliated larvae, the trophophore. This larva is also found in marine annelids (segmented worms) and some other lophotrochozoans. Fig. 32.9 A trochophore larva. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The basic molluscan body plan has evolved in various ways in the eight classes of the phylum. The four most prominent are the Polyplacophora (chitons), Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves), and Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, and nautiluses). Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Polyplacophora - chitons Marine; oval shapes and shells divided into eight dorsal plates. Muscular foot grips the rocky substrate tightly and creep. Grazers; use radulas to scrape and ingest algae. Fig. 33.17 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gastropoda - > 40,000 species; mostly marine, but also many freshwater species. Garden snails and slugs have adapted to land. Distinctive characteristic - During embryonic development, gastropods undergo torsion in which the visceral mass is rotated up to 180 degrees, such that the anus and mantle cavity are above the head in adults. Fig. 33.18 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

                                                                                           Diagrammatic Illustration of Torsion in Gastropod Molluscs

Shell-less nudibranchs Most gastropods are protected by single, spiraled shells into which the animals can retreat if threatened. Other species have lost their shells entirely and may have chemical defenses against predators. Shell-less nudibranchs (sea slugs) Fig. 33.19 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Many gastropods have distinct heads with eyes at the tips of tentacles. Conch Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gastropods are among the few invertebrate groups to have successfully populated the land. In place of the gills found in most aquatic gastropods, the lining of the mantle cavity of terrestrial snails functions as a lung – pulmonate snails Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Class Bivalvia -- clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops. Bivalves have shells divided into two halves. The two parts are hinged at the mid-dorsal line, and powerful adductor muscles close the shell tightly to protect the animal. When the shell is open, the bivalve may extend its hatchet-shaped foot for digging or anchoring. Fig. 33.20 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The mantle cavity of a bivalve contains gills that are used for feeding and gas exchange. Most bivalves are suspension feeders, trapping fine particles in mucus that coats the gills. Cilia convey the particles to the mouth. Water flows into mantle cavity via the incurrent siphon, passes over the gills, and exits via the excurrent siphon. Fig. 33.21 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

A mantle covers the visceral mass; shell is reduced and internal Cephalopods - rapid movements to dart toward their prey which they capture with several long tentacles. Squids and octopuses use beaklike jaws to bite their prey and then inject poison to immobilize the victim. A mantle covers the visceral mass; shell is reduced and internal in squids, missing in many octopi. Only nautilus has external shell. Fig. 33.22 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fast movements by a squid occur when it contracts its mantle cavity and fires a stream of water through the excurrent siphon. By pointing the siphon in different directions, the squid can rapidly move in different directions. The foot of a cephalopod (“head foot”) has been modified into the muscular siphon and parts of the tentacles and head. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unique among mollusks, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system to facilitate the movements of gases, fuels, and wastes through the body. They have a well-developed nervous system with a complex brain and well-developed sense organs. This supports learning and complex behavior. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Highly developed eye in cephalopods Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Phylum Annelida: Annelids are segmented worms All annelids (“little rings”) have segmented bodies. ~ 15,000 species ranging in length from less than 1 mm to 3 m for the giant Australian earthworm. Annelids live in the sea, most freshwater habitats, and damp soil. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The phylum Annelida - three classes: Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, and Hirudinea. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oligochaete- E.g. earthworm Coelom is partitioned by septa, but the digestive tract, longitudinal blood vessels, and nerve cords penetrate the septa and run the animal’s length. Fig. 33.23 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Digestive system - a pharynx, an esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine. The closed circulatory system carries blood with oxygen-carrying hemoglobin through dorsal and ventral vessels connected by segmental vessels. In each segment is a pair of excretory tubes, metanephridia, that remove wastes from the blood and coelomic fluid. Wastes are discharged through exterior pores. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Earthworms are cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites. A brainlike pair of cerebral ganglia lie above and in front of the pharynx. Earthworms are cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Two earthworms exchange sperm and then separate. Some earthworms can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation followed by regeneration. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Polychaete - Each segment of a polychaete (“many setae”) has a pair of paddlelike or ridgelike parapodia (“almost feet”) that function in locomotion. Each parapodium has several chitinous setae. In many polychaetes, the rich blood vessels in the parapodia function as gills. Fig. 33.24b Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Most polychaetes are marine. Polychaetes include carnivores, scavengers, and planktivores. The brightly colored fanworms trap plankton on feathery tentacles. Fig. 33.24c Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hirudinea - leeches. Many leeches feed on other invertebrates, but some blood-sucking parasites feed by attaching temporarily to other animals, including humans. Some parasitic species use bladelike jaws to slit the host’s skin, while others secrete enzymes that digest a hole through the skin. The leech secretes hirudin, an anticoagulant, into the wound, allowing the leech to suck as much blood as it can hold. Medicinal use of leech. Fig. 33.24d Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings