Periodic Table From Left Right

Alkali Earth Metals-Family 1 They only have one valence electron bond readily with other substances So reactive never found uncombined in nature so never found as free elements Unstable Lose their valence electron The reaction can be very violent they are stored in oil so that they do not combine with water or oxygen in the air Sodium alone is very explosive Soft, silvery, white, can be cut with a knife Good conductors of heat and electricity

Alkaline Earth Metals-Family 2 Never found in nature as uncombined elements Exist bonded with other elements in compounds Have 2 valence electrons They usually give up their 2 valence electrons when they combine with other atoms Unstable but not as reactive as the Alkali metals Since they have to lose two of their electrons they are not quite as reactive as the alkali metals

Transition Metals- Between Family 2-13 Examples: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, silver These metals have properties that are similar but they are different from any other family Good conductors of heat and electricity Usually brightly colored Most transition elements have 1 or 2 electrons when they combine with other atoms they lose either lose 1 or 2 of their valence electrons they can share electrons-which we call covalent bonding these elements form so many compounds

Non-Metals Families to the right of the transition elements Metalloids the ladder like pattern But notice that Boron is the first element in the family Boron is hard and brittle Never uncombined in nature Usually found combined with oxygen Has 3 valence electrons Includes elements like Aluminum

Carbon Family Has 4 valence electrons Forms many different compounds Sugars, starches, gasoline An entire branch of chemistry is devoted to the study of carbon-organic Silicon is in the family-combined with oxygen makes sand Solar cells Chips are used for memory and circuitry in computers

Nitrogen Family 5 valence electrons tend to share electrons when they bond with other atoms most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere

Oxygen Family Has 6 valence electrons Mostly share electrons when forming compounds Oxygen is very reactive and combines with just about every other element

The Halogens React with the Alkali metals quite easily (Family 1) The Halogens have 7 valence electrons Most active non-metal They need only 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level They gain 1 electron React with the Alkali metals quite easily (Family 1) Common compound is Sodium Chloride-table salt Fluorine, Chlorine-gases Bromine-liquids Iodine-solid

Noble Gases Normally unreactive Stable-complete outer energy level Helium for balloons Neon-for lights