Articulatory Net II & III Oct 18, 2017 – DAY 21 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI 4110-4891-6110 Harry Howard Tulane University

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Course organization http://www.tulane.edu/~h0Ward/BrLg/ Fun with https://www.facebook.com/BrLg17/

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Quiz stats P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 tot MIN 4 5 6 AVG 7.7 8.2 8.4 9.1 MAX 10

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Articulatory Net I.1 Review

The articulatory network 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The articulatory network

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University My version Dorsal stream: REPEAT t11-HickokPoeppelHoward2

Frontal cortex colored 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Frontal cortex colored http://blogglose-cerveau.blogg.org/recent/4

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Broca's region From Amunts et al. (2010). With permission

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Executive functions Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (or regulation, or control) of cognitive processes, including: working memory reasoning task flexibility problem solving planning execution

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Hypothesis pIFG (BA44) beaker [bikɹ] baker [beɪkɹ] backer [bækɹ] booker [bʊkɹ] vPM (BA6) [beɪk]… M1 (BA4) [b … ]

Visualization of results 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Visualization of results

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Articulatory Net II vPM ~ BA 6

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University My version Dorsal stream: REPEAT t11-HickokPoeppelHoward2

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Hypothesis pIFG (BA44) beaker [bikɹ] baker [beɪkɹ] backer [bækɹ] booker [bʊkɹ] vPM (BA6) [beɪk]… M1 (BA4) [b … ]

Frontal cortex colored 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Frontal cortex colored http://blogglose-cerveau.blogg.org/recent/4

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What is a syllable?

Ventral premotor cortex 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Ventral premotor cortex The ventral premotor cortex has been implicated in motor vocabularies in both speech and manual gestures. A mental syllabary — a repository of gestural scores for the most highly used syllables in a language — has been linked to the ventral premotor cortex in a large-scale meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. A recent prospective fMRI study that was designed to distinguish phonemic and syllable representations in motor codes provided further evidence for this view by demonstrating adaptation effects in the ventral premotor cortex to repeating syllables. [next slide] Distinct representations of phonemes, syllables, and supra-syllabic sequences in the speech production network. Peeva MG, Guenther FH, Tourville JA, Nieto-Castanon A, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Alario FX Neuroimage. 2010 Apr 1; 50(2):626-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2840383/

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Distinct representations of phonemes, syllables, and supra-syllabic sequences in the speech production network

Apraxia of speech aka verbal apraxia or dyspraxia 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Apraxia of speech aka verbal apraxia or dyspraxia Neurogenic phonologic disorder resulting from sensorimotor impairment to the capacity to select, program, and/or execute in coordinated and normally timed sequences, the positioning of speech musculature for the volitional production of speech sounds Prosodic alteration, that is, changes in speech stress, intonation, and/or rhythm, (dysprosody) may be associated with the articulatory disruption either as a primary part of the condition or in compensation for it. (Ingram 127-8)

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University YouTube Ideational apraxia Callosal apraxia, ideational apraxia Apraxia of speech 4 1/2 yr old with apraxia talking Examples of different levels of severity in Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University More informally A patient with apraxia of speech know what words he or she wants to say, but has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements necessary to say those words. He or she may say something completely different, even made-up words. For example, a patient may try to say "kitchen," but it may come out "bipem" or even "chicken." The patient may recognize the error and try again, sometimes getting it right, or sometimes saying something else entirely. This can become quite frustrating to him or her. http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ApraxiaAdults.htm

Symptoms of apraxia of speech 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Symptoms of apraxia of speech A tendency to grope for words or sounds Limited ability to make speech sounds automatically Difficulty putting sounds or syllables together in the correct order to form words Incorrect timing of speech movements and their accompanying sounds Increased tendency to make errors as the length of words or sentences increases Inconsistent speech errors, even when repeating a word that's just been said Errors using vowels A tendency to say a word several times before saying it the right way Inconsistent or improper use of rhythms, stresses, and inflections of speech that are used to convey meaning Somewhat preserved ability to produce "automatic speech" (rote speech), such as greetings like "How are you?" http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ApraxiaAdults.htm

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Hickok (2012) Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder that seems to affect the planning or coordination of speech at the level that has been argued to correspond to syllable-sized units. The ventral premotor cortex has been implicated in the aetiology of AOS, as has the nearby anterior insula. It is worth noting that speech errors in AOS and conduction aphasia are often difficult to distinguish, the difference being most notable in speech fluency, with AOS resulting in more halting, effortful speech. The similarity in error type and the distinction in fluency between AOS and conduction aphasia is consistent with the present model if one assumes that the two disorders affect the same level of hierarchical motor control (errors occur at the same level of analysis) but in different components of the circuit (AOS affects access to motor phonological codes and conduction aphasia affects internal feedback control). hickok http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n2/full/nrn3158.html: "Although this conclusion should be regarded as tentative, it is clear that AOS is not a low-level motor disorder such as dysarthria, which manifests as a consistent and predictable error (misarticulation) pattern in speech that is attributable to factors such as muscle weakness or tone. Rather, AOS is a higher-level disorder with a variable error pattern72.

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Articulatory Net III M1 ~ BA 4

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University My version Dorsal stream: REPEAT t11-HickokPoeppelHoward2

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Hypothesis pIFG (BA44) beaker [bikɹ] baker [beɪkɹ] backer [bækɹ] booker [bʊkɹ] vPM (BA6) [beɪk]… M1 (BA4) [b … ]

Frontal cortex colored 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Frontal cortex colored http://blogglose-cerveau.blogg.org/recent/4

Somatosensory & motor homunculi 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Somatosensory & motor homunculi

Motor & somatosensory homunculi 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Motor & somatosensory homunculi

Orofacial, or buccofacial, apraxia 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Orofacial, or buccofacial, apraxia Orofacial, or buccofacial, apraxia is characterized by a loss of voluntary control of facial, lingual, pharyngeal and masticatory muscles in the presence of preserved reflexive and automatic functions of the same muscles. It is not considered to have much relevance to language. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3618043/

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University NEXT TIME Intro to the ventral stream

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 18-Oct-17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Final project Improve a Wikipedia article about any of the topics mentioned in class or any other topic broadly related to neurolinguistics. Print the article before you improve it. Print the article after you improve it, highlighting your additions.