Promoting Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Using available statistics to monitor progress towards gender equality: The Global Monitoring Report 2007 Promoting Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women IAEG Meeting on the Development of Gender Statistics December 13, 2006

Outline The Global Monitoring Report Preliminary Messages and evidence for the chapter in Gender

The Global Monitoring Report Focuses on how the world is doing in implementing the policies and actions for achieving the MDGs and related development outcomes Intended for the Development Committee The main theme changes every year. Last year report was on Aid, Trade and Governance This year report will focus on Gender and Fragile States. The central chapter on Gender has four sections

Chapter Structure: Four Sections Gender equality is central to development Monitoring performance toward MDG3 using official UN indicators Going beyond UN MDG3 indicators: Additional dimensions for monitoring gender equality What will it take to achieve MDG3 by 2015?

Performance On Official MDG3 Indicators Good performance on gender parity on basic education and literacy Most countries on track to meet gender parity target on basic education and literacy Exceptions are 28 countries (most in Africa) Poor performance on goal related to tertiary education Increase in indicators for employment and political participation, but share remains low Introduction of quotas influences performance on political participation Experience of fragile states

Data challenges on the current MDG3 Indicators The number of countries with available data changes every year making yearly estimations very difficult. Trends in ratios are difficult to interpret. Within country variation is hidden on national averages.

Focus on Outliers

Track performance 1 Very likely 2 Likely 3 Unlikely 4 Very unlikely 5 No data

Beyond Ratios and National Averages

Additional Indicators for Monitoring Gender Equality Task Force recommendations Framework for recommending additional indicators Measurable with available data Instrumental for reducing poverty, stimulating growth and attaining other MDGs Can be influenced by policy Choosing a parsimonious set of indicators

Task Force Recommendations UN MDG3 Indicators Indicators suggested by the Millennium Task Force on Gender Equality (2005) Education: Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and secondary education; Ratio of literate females to males among 15-24 year olds Education: Ratio of female to male gross enrollment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education; Ratio of female to male completion rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education Employment: Share of women in wage employment in nonagricultural sector Employment: Share of women in employment, both wage and self-employment, by type; Gender gap in earnings in wage and self-employment Sexual and reproductive health and rights: Proportion of contraceptive demand satisfied; Adolescent fertility rate Political participation: Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments Political participation: Percentage of seats held by women in national parliament; Percentage of seats held by women in local government bodies Property rights: Land ownership by male, female or jointly held; Housing title, disaggregated by male, female, or jointly held Infrastructure: Hours per day (or year) women and men spend fetching water and collecting fuel Violence against women: Prevalence of domestic violence Red indicates indicator is measurable with available data, bold font indicates limited availability

Recommended Indicators Domain Indicator Education Primary school completion rates Transition to secondary school ( % of primary graduates continuing to secondary) Average completed years of schooling Test scores Women’s health Burden of disease and disability measured by DALYs Gender difference in life expectancy Utilization of reproductive health services (antenatal care) Adolescent motherhood Economic empowerment of women Labor force participation rates Employment by type (share of women in agric.; share of women in non-agricultural wage employment, % of this that is informal employment, Non-agricultural self-employment, % of this that is informal employment) Gender gap in earnings Political empowerment of women Proportion of seats held by women in local government (tentative) % voting (tentative) Red indicates indicator is measurable with available data

Additional Indicators for Monitoring Gender Equality Recommended indicators improve monitoring of attaining MDG3 Some countries that have done well on official indicators tend to perform poorly on the expanded set of indicators The slides that follow show that..

Education Monitor gender parity in access, quality and persistence throughout the education system Completion rates for primary education Female completion rates lower than for males in 50 percent or more countries in AFR, MNA, SAR and ECA Test scores on regional or international assessments to measure quality of education Relative to boys, girls perform poorly in math and science but better in reading Average completed years of schooling to measure educational attainment Where DHS data are available

Additional Indicators for Health Variable LCR MNA AFR SAR EAP ECA Life expectancy at birth (Observed/ expected), male to female ratio 1.04 1.00 0.99 0.97 1.08 % women (aged 15-49) with no antenatal care 11.67 29.72 23.83 36.51 17.15 11.71 % age 15-17 with child or pregnant 10.73 2.94 13.36 11.45 3.12 2.2 Lost DALYs* due to communicable diseases, Age 5-14, male to female ratio 0.94 0.82 0.90 0.85 0.92 Lost DALYs * due to non-communicable diseases, Age 5-14, male to female ratio 0.91 0.93 0.81 1.01 1.02 Lost DALYs * due to injuries Age 5-14, male to female ratio 2.15 1.48 1.57 1.15 2.27 Data sources: UN Population Projections, WHO, DHS *per 1000 population, ratios in red indicate female disadvantage

Labor Force Participation Rates by Age Source: Household surveys from xx countries Lfp = Active population / population 15-65

Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex Equality Female rate is half of male rate Lfp = Active population / population 15-65 Illustrate with case of EAP here

What will it take to achieve MDG3 by 2015? Analyzing “outlier countries” using performance on official and expanded list of indicators Correlating performance on MDG3 with their performance in achieving the other MDG goals Understanding the what is needed in terms of institutional environment and policies Outlier countries Other country case studies