Samatha & Vipassanā Meditation Course Four sublime abidings - Brahmā-vihārā: Mettā, Karuṇa, Muditā, Upekkhā Teaching materials are based on “Knowing and Seeing” - a book by The Most Venerable Pa Auk Sayadaw May-July 2014 course @ Buddhist Fellowship Conducted by Venerable U Ukkansa Jointly organized by Buddhist Fellowship & Pa-Auk Meditation Center (Singapore) Slides are for internal use only. Last update: 01 July 2014

“Namo Tassa, Bhagavato, Arahato, Sammā-Sambuddhassa.” “Homage to Him, The Blessed One, The Worthy One, The Perfectly Self-Enlightened One.” 礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者！

White Kasiṇa & other kasinas. 4 Protective Meditations: SAMATHA VIPASSANĀ Re-develop 9 Kasinas until 8th Jhāna in this order: Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Blue-Black, Yellow, Red, White, Light. * Space Kasiṇa: until 4th Jhāna only Four sublime abidings (Four Brahmā-viharā) 16 vipassanā knowledges Mettā Karuna Muditā Upekkhā 16. Paccavekkhaṇā-ñāṇa 15. Phala-ñāṇa 14. Magga-ñāṇa 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 9 Other Kasinas: Blue-Black, Yellow, Red, White, Light, Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Space 4 immaterial Jhāna 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Jhāna 13. Gotrabhu-ñāṇa Jhānas 12. Anuloma-ñāṇa White Kasiṇa & other kasinas. 4 Protective Meditations: Loving Kindness Meditation Recollection of the Buddha’s Qualities Recollection of Death Foulness Meditation 11. Saṅkhārupekkhā-ñāṇa 10. Paṭisaṅkhā-ñāṇa 9. Muñcitukamyatā-ñāṇa Skeleton meditation 8. Nibbidā-ñāṇa 7. Ādīnava-ñāṇa 32 parts of the body 6. Bhaya-ñāṇa 5. Bhaṅga-ñāṇa 4 material Jhāna: 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Jhāna Access concentration (Upacāra samādhi) 4. Udayabbaya-ñāṇa 3. Sammasana-ñāṇa 2. Paṭicca-samuppāda-ñāṇa Ānāpānassati Mind-fullness of breathing 4-Elements Meditation 1. Nāmarūpa-pariccheda ñāṇa

FOUR SUBLIME ABIDINGS Mettā Karuna Muditā Upekkhā Loving kindness Compassion Appreciative joy Equanimity Out of the Four sublime abidings, we learnt Mettā – Loving kindness last week. Before moving on, let us review how to develop loving-kindness up to 3rd jhāna.

LOVINGKINDNESS (METTĀ) MEDITATION

LOVINGKINDNESS (METTĀ) MEDITATION In the beginning, avoid a person you do not like (appiya·puggala) a person very dear to you (atippiyasahāyaka·puggala) a person you are indifferent to (majjhatta·puggala) a person you hate (veri·puggala) Also avoid: the opposite sex a dead person (not to be used at all times) In the beginning, you should not develop mettā to a person you do not like, a person very dear to you, a person you are indifferent to and a person you hate. You should not take the opposite sex or a dead person as the objects of loving kindness either.

LOVINGKINDNESS (METTĀ) MEDITATION 4 types of person 4 types of thoughts free from danger (avero hotu) Yourself free from mental pain (abyāpajjo hotu) 2. A person you respect free from physical pain (anīgho hotu) 3. An indifferent person There are four thoughts of mettā which wish one to be free from danger, free from mental pain, free from physical pain and to be well and happy. You direct these four thoughts of mettā towards yourself. Before extending mettā towards others, you should first re-establish the 4th ānāpāna jhāna, or white kasiṇa-jhāna. Emerging from the 4th jhāna, you direct mettā towards a person of the same sex whom you respect. Afterwards, develop mettā towards an indifferent person and lastly, towards a person you do not like. You develop mettā towards others til you reach 1st jhāna, 2nd jhāna, and 3rd jhāna. well and happy (sukhī attānaṁ pariharātu) 4. A person you dislike or hate

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS YOURSELF Develop loving-kindness towards yourself Yourself May I be free from danger. Ahaṁ avero homi May I be free from mental pain. Abyāpajjo homi May I be free from physical pain. Anigho homi May I be well and happy. Sukhī attānaṁ pariharāmi

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS OTHERS Develop loving-kindness towards others May this good person be free from danger. (ayaṁ sappuriso avero hotu) 1. Yourself May this good person be free from mental pain (ayaṁ sappuriso abyāpajjo hotu) 2. A person you respect 3. An indifferent person May this good person be free from physical pain (ayaṁ sappuriso anīgho hotu) 4. A person you dislike or hate May this good person be well and happy (ayaṁ sappuriso sukhī attānaṁ pariharātu)

LOVINGKINDNESS: BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIERS Breaking down the barriers” (sīmā sambheda): Develop loving-kindness jhāna towards any of the three persons without distinction May this good person be free from danger. (ayaṁ sappuriso avero hotu) May this good person be free from mental pain (ayaṁ sappuriso abyāpajjo hotu) 2. A person you respect 3. An indifferent person May this good person be free from physical pain (ayaṁ sappuriso anīgho hotu) 4. A person you dislike or hate May this good person be well and happy (ayaṁ sappuriso sukhī attānaṁ pariharātu)

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS After breaking down the barriers, use the bright and brilliant light to see all beings in an area as big as possible around you, around the building or around the monastery. Send loving kindness of the four thoughts to: 5 unspecified categories 7 specified categories

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women (sabbā itthiyo) All men (sabbe purisā) All Noble Ones (sabbe ariyā) All who are not Noble Ones (sabbe anariyā) All devas (sabbe devā) All human beings (sabbe manussā) All in the lower realms (sabbe vinipātikā) Five Unspecified Categories All beings (sabbe sattā) All breathers (sabbe pāṇā) All creatures (sabbe bhūtā) All people (sabbe puggalā) All possessing individuality (sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā) After breaking down the barriers, you extend loving-kindness towards 12 categories of beings …

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Five Unspecified Categories All beings (sabbe sattā) All breathers (sabbe pāṇā) All creatures (sabbe bhūtā) All people (sabbe puggalā) All possessing individuality (sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā) May they be free from danger. (averā hontu) May they be free from mental pain. (abyāpajjā hontu) May they be free from physical pain. (anīghā hontu) May they be well and happy. (sukhī attānaṁ pariharantu)

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women (sabbā itthiyo) All men (sabbe purisā) All Noble Ones (sabbe ariyā) All who are not Noble Ones (sabbe anariyā) All devas (sabbe devā) All human beings (sabbe manussā) All in the lower realms (sabbe vinipātikā) May they be free from danger. (averā hontu) May they be free from mental pain. (abyāpajjā hontu) May they be free from physical pain. (anīghā hontu) May they be well and happy. (sukhī attānaṁ pariharantu)

LOVINGKINDNESS TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Example of developing lovingkindness towards all beings sabbe sattā May all beings be free from danger. Sabbe sattā averā hontu May all beings be free from mental pain. Sabbe sattā abyāpajjā hontu May all beings be free from physical pain. Sabbe sattā anīghā hontu May all beings be well and happy. Sabbe sattā sukhī attānaṁ parihantu

LOVINGKINDNESS IN ALL DIRECTIONS Upward Direction Northward Direction Northwest Direction Northeast Direction Westward Direction Eastward Direction Southwest Direction Southeast Direction Downward Direction …in 10 directions Southward Direction

LOVINGKINDNESS: MASTERING PERVADING LOVINGKINDNESS 528 ways of extending loving-kindness 4 types of thoughts towards 12 categories (5 unspecified & 7 specified categories) : 12 x 4 = 48 48 x 10 directions = 480 480 + 48 = 528 In total, you should extend loving-kindness in 528 ways up to 3rd jhāna

11 BENEFITS OF LOVING-KINDNESS One sleeps in comfort One wakes in comfort One dreams no evil dreams One is dear to human beings One is dear to non-human beings Devas (celestial beings) guard one Fire, poison and weapons do not affect one One’s mind is easily concentrated One’s complexion becomes bright One dies unconfused One will be reborn in the Brahma World Mastering loving-kindness gives you many benefits.

The Buddha admonished the Nalagiri elephant with Mettā

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION Direct 1 type of thought to 3 types of person 3 types of person 1 type of thought 1. A person you respect (piya-puggala) May this good person be released from suffering (ayaṁ sapuriso dukkhā muccatu) 2. An indifferent person (majjhatta-puggala) 3. A person you dislike or hate (veri-puggala)

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION Choose a suffering person of your own sex. arouse compassion for him or her by reflecting on his or her suffering.

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION Re-establish the 4th jhāna with the white kasiṇa use the bright and clear light to see the suffering person. Develop loving-kindness meditation up to the 3rd jhāna.

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION Emerging from loving-kindness 3rd jhāna Develop compassion towards that suffering person with the thought: May this good person be released from suffering (Ayaṁ sappuriso dukkhā muccatu)

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION Do this many times until you attain 1st, 2nd and 3rd jhāna & the five masteries of each. May this good person be released from suffering (Ayaṁ sappuriso dukkhā muccatu)

COMPASSION (KARUṆĀ) MEDITATION After that, develop compassion towards the 3 types of persons: A person you like An indifferent person A person you dislike or hate May this good person be released from suffering (Ayaṁ sappuriso dukkhā muccatu)

COMPASSION: BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIERS “Breaking down the barriers” (sīmā sambheda): Develop compassion jhāna towards any of the three persons without distinction May this good person be released from suffering (ayaṁ sapuriso dukkhā muccatu) 1. A person you respect 2. An indifferent person 3. A person you dislike or hate

COMPASSION TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women (sabbā itthiyo) All men (sabbe purisā) All Noble Ones (sabbe ariyā) All who are not Noble Ones (sabbe anariyā) All devas (sabbe devā) All human beings (sabbe manussā) All in the lower realms (sabbe vinipātikā) Five Unspecified Categories All beings (sabbe sattā) All breathers (sabbe pāṇā) All creatures (sabbe bhūtā) All people (sabbe puggalā) All possessing individuality (sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā)

COMPASSION TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Five Unspecified Categories All beings be released from suffering sabbe sattā dukkhā muccantu 2. All breathers be released from suffering sabbe pāṇā dukkhā muccantu 3. All creatures be released from suffering sabbe bhūtā dukkhā muccantu 4. All people be released from suffering sabbe puggalā dukkhā muccantu 5. All possessing individuality be released from suffering sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā dukkhā muccantu

COMPASSION TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women be released from suffering sabbā itthiyo dukkhā muccantu 2. All men be released from suffering sabbe purisā dukkhā muccantu 3. All Noble Ones be released from suffering sabbe ariyā dukkhā muccantu 4. All who are not Noble Ones be released from suffering sabbe anariyā dukkhā muccantu 5. All devas be released from suffering sabbe devā dukkhā muccantu All human beings be released from suffering sabbe manussā dukkhā muccantu 7. All in the lower realms be released from suffering sabbe vinipātikā dukkhā muccantu

COMPASSION IN 10 DIRECTIONS Northward Direction Upward Direction Northwest Direction Northeast Direction Westward Direction Eastward Direction Southwest Direction Southeast Direction Downward Direction Southward Direction

COMPASSION: MASTERING PERVADING COMPASSION 132 ways of extending compassion: 12 categories (5 unspecified & 7 specified categories) x 10 directions: 12 x 10 = 120 120 + 12 = 132 ways

APPRECIATIVE JOY (MUDITĀ) MEDITATION Choose a living person of your own sex. the sight of him/her makes you happy, fond of and friendly with. Re-establish the 4th jhāna using white kasiṇa use the bright light to see the happy person. Develop loving-kindness meditation & compassion meditation up to the 3rd jhāna

APPRECIATIVE JOY (MUDITĀ) MEDITATION Emerge from compassion 3rd jhāna Develop appreciative joy towards the happy person with the thought: May this good person not be separated from the prosperity he has attained Ayaṁ sappuriso yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchatu Do this many times until attaining 1st, 2nd and 3rd jhāna & the five masteries of each.

APPRECIATIVE JOY (MUDITĀ) MEDITATION Develop appreciative joy towards the following people to “break down the barriers” (sīmā sambheda) May this good person not be separated from the prosperity he has attained Ayaṁ sappuriso yathāladdha- sampattito māvigacchatu 1. A person you respect 2. An indifferent person 3. A person you dislike or hate

APPRECIATIVE JOY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women (sabbā itthiyo) All men (sabbe purisā) All Noble Ones (sabbe ariyā) All who are not Noble Ones (sabbe anariyā) All devas (sabbe devā) All human beings (sabbe manussā) All in the lower realms (sabbe vinipātikā) Five Unspecified Categories All beings (sabbe sattā) All breathers (sabbe pāṇā) All creatures (sabbe bhūtā) All people (sabbe puggalā) All possessing individuality (sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā)

APPRECIATIVE JOY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Five Unspecified Categories All beings not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe sattā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 2. All breathers not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe pāṇā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 3. All creatures not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe bhūtā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 4. All people not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe puggalā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 5. All possessing individuality not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu not be separated from the prosperity he has attained

APPRECIATIVE JOY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbā itthiyo yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 2. All men not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe purisā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 3. All Noble Ones not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe ariyā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 4. All who are not Noble Ones not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe anariyā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 5. All devas not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe devā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu All human beings not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe manussā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu 7. All in the lower realms not be separated from the prosperity they have attained sabbe vinipātikā yathāladdha-sampattito māvigacchantu

APPRECIATIVE JOY IN 10 DIRECTIONS Northward Direction Upward Direction Northwest Direction Northeast Direction Westward Direction Eastward Direction Southwest Direction Southeast Direction Downward Direction Southward Direction

APPRECIATIVE JOY : MASTERING PERVADING APPRECIATIVE JOY 132 ways of extending appreciative joy : 12 categories (5 unspecified & 7 specified categories) x 10 directions: 12 x 10 = 120 120 + 12 = 132 ways

EQUANIMITY (UPEKKHĀ) MEDITATION Choose a person of your own sex whom you are neutral to Re-establish the 4th jhāna using mindfulness of breathing use the bright light to see the neutral person. Develop loving-kindness, compassion and appreciative joy meditation up to the 3rd jhāna

EQUANIMITY (UPEKKHĀ) MEDITATION Emerge from loving-kindness, compassion & appreciative joy 3rd jhāna Reflect on the disadvantages of those 3 sublime abidings Closeness to affection Like and dislike Elation & Joy Reflect on the 4th jhāna based on equanimity as peaceful

EQUANIMITY (UPEKKHĀ) MEDITATION Then develop equanimity towards the neutral person with the thought: This good person is heir to his own kamma Ayaṁ sappuriso kammassako Do this many times until attaining 4th jhāna & the five masteries

EQUANIMITY (UPEKKHĀ) MEDITATION Develop equanimity towards the following people to “break down the barriers” (sīmā sambheda) 1. A person you respect/dear to you This good person is heir to his own kamma Ayaṁ sappuriso kammassako 2. A neutral person 3. A person you dislike or hate

EQUANIMITY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women (sabbā itthiyo) All men (sabbe purisā) All Noble Ones (sabbe ariyā) All who are not Noble Ones (sabbe anariyā) All devas (sabbe devā) All human beings (sabbe manussā) All in the lower realms (sabbe vinipātikā) Five Unspecified Categories All beings (sabbe sattā) All breathers (sabbe pāṇā) All creatures (sabbe bhūtā) All people (sabbe puggalā) All possessing individuality (sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā)

EQUANIMITY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Five Unspecified Categories All beings are heir to their kamma sabbe sattā kammassakā 2. All breathers are heir to their kamma sabbe pāṇā kammassakā All creatures are heir to their kamma sabbe bhūtā kammassakā All people are heir to their kamma sabbe puggalā kammassakā 5. All possessing individuality are heir to their kamma sabbe attabhāva pariyāpannā kammassakā This good person is heir to his own kamma

EQUANIMITY TOWARDS DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF BEINGS Seven Specified Categories All women are heir to their kamma sabbā itthiyo kammassakā 2. All men are heir to their kamma sabbe purisā kammassakā All Noble Ones are heir to their kamma sabbe ariyā kammassakā 4. All who are not Noble Ones are heir to their kamma sabbe anariyā kammassakā 5. All devas are heir to their kamma sabbe devā kammassakā All human beings are heir to their kamma sabbe manussā kammassakā All in the lower realms are heir to their kamma sabbe vinipātikā kammassakā

EQUANIMITY IN 10 DIRECTIONS Northward Direction Upward Direction Northwest Direction Northeast Direction Westward Direction Eastward Direction Southwest Direction Southeast Direction Downward Direction Southward Direction

EQUANIMITY : MASTERING PERVADING EQUANIMITY 132 ways of extending equanimity: 12 categories (5 unspecified & 7 specified categories) x 10 directions: 12 x 10 = 120 120 + 12 = 132 ways

FOUR SUBLIME ABIDINGS Four sublime abidings (Four Brahmā-viharā) Mettā Karuna Muditā Upekkhā 1st 3rd 4th 2nd Mettā, Karuna, Muditā: develop up to 3rd jhāna Upekkhā: develop 4th jhāna

White Kasiṇa & other kasinas. 4 Protective Meditations: SAMATHA VIPASSANĀ Re-develop 9 Kasinas until 8th Jhāna in this order: Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Blue-Black, Yellow, Red, White, Light. * Space Kasiṇa: until 4th Jhāna only Four sublime abidings (Four Brahmā-viharā) 16 vipassanā knowledges Mettā Karuna Muditā Upekkhā 16. Paccavekkhaṇā-ñāṇa 15. Phala-ñāṇa 14. Magga-ñāṇa 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 9 Other Kasinas: Blue-Black, Yellow, Red, White, Light, Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Space 4 immaterial Jhāna 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Jhāna 13. Gotrabhu-ñāṇa Jhānas 12. Anuloma-ñāṇa White Kasiṇa & other kasinas. 4 Protective Meditations: Loving Kindness Meditation Recollection of the Buddha’s Qualities Recollection of Death Foulness Meditation 11. Saṅkhārupekkhā-ñāṇa 10. Paṭisaṅkhā-ñāṇa 9. Muñcitukamyatā-ñāṇa Skeleton meditation 8. Nibbidā-ñāṇa [For summary at the end of the talk] [Click] So far, we have learnt Mindfulness of breathing [Click] & developed 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th jhana. [Click] We then learnt meditation on 32 parts of the body [Click] & Skeleton meditation. [Click] During the last 2 lessons, we learnt 10 kasina meditation [Click] You now know how to develop 5th, 6th, 7th & 8th jhana through kasina meditation. [Click] Today we learn loving-kindness meditation, compassion meditation, appreciative joy meditation & equanimity meditation. [Click] Next week, we will learn 4 protective meditation [Click] & 4-elements meditation. [Click] Afterwards, we will be able to develop 16 vipassana knowledges to attain Nibbana. 7. Ādīnava-ñāṇa 32 parts of the body 6. Bhaya-ñāṇa 5. Bhaṅga-ñāṇa 4 material Jhāna: 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Jhāna Access concentration (Upacāra samādhi) 4. Udayabbaya-ñāṇa 3. Sammasana-ñāṇa 2. Paṭicca-samuppāda-ñāṇa Ānāpānassati Mind-fullness of breathing 4-Elements Meditation 1. Nāmarūpa-pariccheda ñāṇa

SHARING OF MERITS Idaṁ me puññaṁ Āsavakkhayāvahaṁ hotu. Nibbānassa paccayo hotu. Mama puñña-bhāgaṁ Sabba sattānaṁ Bhājemi. Te sabbe me samaṁ Puññabhāgaṁ labhantu. Sādhu Sādhu Sādhu!