the Struggle for a Continent

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the Struggle for a Continent Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 5

Expansion 18th Century British colonies emulate homeland, becoming more Anglicanized: Import British goods “Gentlemen” farmers and politics Inheritance Gender differences Colonies’ population grew rapidly and demand for skilled and unskilled laborers, clergy, professionals outgrew supply Northern colonies trained their population for these roles Southern colonies rely on immigrants Scots-Irish and Germans (redemptioniers) Back country (Virginia and Carolinas) Develop own culture Clannish, violent (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 2

The Enlightenment in America Emphasized man’s capacity for knowledge and social improvement Focus on science and philosophy Religious moderates God not vengeful Enlightenment spirit dominates Harvard (1636) Unitarians Rise in legal and medical professions (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 13

The Press English Enlightenment spreads through printing 17th century printing limited to Boston John Peter Zenger New York Weekly Journal (1733) Freedom of the press: 1735 Acquitted of seditious libel Benjamin Franklin “The most celebrated North American in the world”, personified the Enlightenment Pennsylvania Gazette: 1729 Junto (American Philosophical Society): 1727 Public citizen work: fire company (1736), library (1731), hospital (1751), and College of Philadelphia (1750s) Inventor and scientist (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 11

The Great Awakening Mid-1730s to early 1740s: immense religious revival Swept across Protestant lands throughout Europe and the colonies Jonathan Edwards A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) John Wesley Methodists George Whitefield: “new birth” Religious groups that gained popularity: Methodist Baptist Presbyterian 2

The Rise of the Assembly and the Governor In all 13 colonies, settlers elected their assembly (common man) Three-fourths of free adult white men in colonies could vote (vs. one-third in England) Assemblies gain power at expense of councils (more aristocratic) Royally appointed governors: success dependent on winning over assembly “Factions” (political parties) universally condemned in colonies (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 23

The Danger of Slave Revolts and War with Spain Mose (Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose): 1738 Francisco Menéndez Stono Rebellion: South Carolina (1739) Black citizens of Mose dispersed by Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe Oglethorpe defended Georgia: Colonies again safe haven for liberty, property, slavery; no popery New York conspiracy trials - 1741 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 29

The Albany Congress: June 1754 Intercolonial congress that met in Albany, NY Keep Six Nations (Iroquois) neutral Benjamin Franklin and the Albany Plan President General – appointed by Crown Grand Council – 3-year term; members elected by colonial assemblies Raise soldiers, build forts, levy taxes, deal with Indians, administer territories Rejected by all 13 colonies Centralized relations with Indians (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 37

French and Indian War: 1756 - 1763 Territorial dispute with France Frontier war scattered Britain’s superior resources Tensions between Redcoats and Provincials William Pitt, war minister, solves some problems By 1758, Britain finally had a military force capable of overwhelming New France Cooperation between redcoats and provincials Peace between Indians and British 1758 Quebec 1759 Marquis de Montcalm and the Plains of Abraham Spain (French ally) neutral until 1762 British forces took Havana and Manila in the Philippines France and Spain sued for peace (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 42

The Peace of Paris: 1763 Ended the French and Indian War Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe to France France surrendered some West Indian islands and mainland North America (including Canada) east of Mississippi to Britain Havana returned to Spain, Florida ceded to Britain France gave New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi River to Spain Indians angrily rejected peace settlement and France’s surrender of their lands to Great Britain (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved 50

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