Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Experimental setup for blood flow DUS studies. Schematic depicts the flow system with the location of pump, cooling systems, turbulator, test section, DUS probe with linear stage, entrance pipe, flow meter probe, heater, and temperature thermistor.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Measured rheology of blood and WG at measured SR from 1 to 1500 s−1. WG rheology showed a Newtonian behavior with a viscosity of 3.65, 4.3, and 3.98 cP for samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively, for SRs > 10 s−1. Blood viscosity at high SR (1000 s−1), was 2.76, 2.76, 3.34, 3.28, 3.54, and 3.42 cP, for samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Mean and SEM of the six blood samples and the three individual samples of WG are shown in the inset.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Representative micrographs of blood before (left) and after (right) experiment. Images show that erythrocytes retain their physiological toroid morphology before and after the velocity experiment. Cell fragments are not visible, indicating that cells were not mechanically or osmotically lysed during the experiment. No large change in the number of cells was observed, also indicating that cells were not lysed. Additionally, large three-dimensional amorphous clusters of cells linked by dense fibrous masses were not observed, indicating that the blood did not clot during the velocity experiments.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Nondimensional unsteady velocity traces measured by DUS at pipe centerline for blood sample 6, first run (A) and WG sample 1, first run (B). Velocity traces from the different flow rates are shown separated on the vertical axis using a consistent shift of 0.5. WG and blood Re are similar at the same flow rate since viscosity was measured to be 3.65 and 3.42 cP at SR = 1000 s−1 for WG and blood, respectively. High frequency velocity fluctuations are visible at Re = 2560 for WG and Re = 2983 for blood indicating TT occurs at a lower Re for a Newtonian fluid than for blood.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Velocity profiles measured by DUS for the first runs of six different blood samples (top two rows) and three different WG samples (bottom row), shown as the mean velocity over 3 s normalized by the average velocity over the pipe cross-sectional area for each Re. Error bars show TKE (×10). Multiple Re are shown separated on the horizontal-axis using a shift of 0.5. Results show the change in velocity profile (parabolic to blunt) and increased TKE at a lower Re for WG compared to blood. Data shown are for the first runs of each fluid; similar results were obtained for subsequent runs. A dashed line extends from the wall to the nearest radial measurement location. Note, Re is different for all lines and indicated at the end of each line.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: PSIL and PSIT quantify velocity profile shape differences for each Re and are defined as the RMS of the difference from a laminar, parabolic-like shape (profile at Re = 1000) for PSIL and a near turbulent, blunt-like shape (profile at Re = 3300) for PSIT. Dot, cross and plus markers represent runs 1, 2 and 3, respectively, for PSIL. Circle, square and diamond markers represent runs 1, 2 and 3, respectively, for PSIT. Arrows indicate line intersection points, Recr,PSI, for run 1.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Distribution of TKEmean for seven points near the center (−1.8 to + 1.8 mm) normalized by the area-averaged velocity as a function of Re. The Re at peak TKEmean provided an estimate of when transition occurs, Recr,TKE. Circle, square and diamond markers represent runs 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Arrows indicate points of maximum TKEmean, Recr,TKE, for run 1.

Date of download: 11/12/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Characterization of Transition to Turbulence for Blood in a Straight Pipe Under Steady Flow Conditions J Biomech Eng. 2016;138(7):071001-071001-12. doi:10.1115/1.4033474 Figure Legend: Mean Recr over all samples (six for blood and three for WG) for the PSI method when computed based on the viscosity values measured at each SR. The error bars represent the SEM of the sample mean Recr,PSI. The Recr,TKE values, not shown here, were consistently slightly smaller than the Recr,PSI values (2% for blood and 4% for WG).