Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm in ETC 2. 108 for the 9am class and ECJ 1 Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm in ETC 2.108 for the 9am class and ECJ 1.202 for the noon class Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102 Homework #4 due 12/3 (if needed) Year End Topics: mtDNA Mapping Probability Evolution and the Origin of Humans

It is rarely this simple. Genotype Phenotype Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits… It is rarely this simple. Figs 1.15-17

The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: Complex relationships between alleles Multiple genes controlling one trait One gene controlling multiple traits Environmental effects

What is different about these plants?

Environmental Variation grown in acidic soil grown in basic soil

The relationship between genes and traits is often complex Complexities include: Complex relationships between alleles Multiple genes controlling one trait One gene controlling multiple traits Environmental effects

Inheritance can be predicted by probability

Probability of two 4’s in a row= 1/6x1/6=1/36 Probability of a 4= 1/6 Probability of two 4’s in a row= 1/6x1/6=1/36 Fig 3.07

Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6+1/6= 1/3 Fig 3.07

“and” multiply “or” add Fig 3.07

Sickled and normal red blood cells Fig 6.5

Huntington’s Disease D=disease d=normal Neurological disease, symptoms begin around 40 years old.

Mom = dd Dad = Dd Dad D or d possible offspring 50% Huntington’s D=disease d=normal Huntington’s Disease Mom = dd Dad = Dd Dad D or d possible offspring 50% Huntington’s 50% Normal Dd d or d dd Mom Dd dd

Two different people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? (Dd hh)

Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25

Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Two people: One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5 Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25 Multiply both probabilities .25 X.5 = 12.5% chance Dd hh offspring

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? If so, how does it occur?

Does evolution occur?

As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.