April 9, Week # 11 NB-113 Learning Target: I will Homework: Agenda: State the evidence of evolution Explain natural selection, speciation, and extinction Show the relatedness of organisms on a cladogram Homework: Study for evolution test Agenda: Turn in hw: p 229 and 230 annotated Citizenship rubric Review for test Essential Question: How do I plan on studying for the test?

6.1: Adaptation: an inherited trait helps an organism survive

6.1: The Four Lines of Evidence for Evolution are: Fossil Record (this is similarity to and between ancient organisms) Embryology (this is similarity in early development) Homologous Structures (this is similarity in body structure) DNA (this is similarity in chemical compounds)

#1 Fossil Record Youngest on top Oldest on bottom

#2: Similarities in Early Development Embryos of many org. look similar!

#3 Homologous and Analogous Structures:

#4: Similarities in Chemical Compounds All org. have DNA!!!

6.2: The Development of Darwin’s Theory Hutton Concluded that Earth is millions of years old Lyell explained how geological features could be built up & broken down over long periods of time Lamarck living things have changed over time all species were descended from other species organisms adapted to environment Malthus If the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space & food for everyone

6.2: Principals of Natural Selection Populations over-reproduce. Individuals in a population vary. Favorable adaptations are selected. Favorable adaptations accumulate.

6.3: Speciation Isolation: the population is isolated into 2 smaller populations. Adaptation: the populations adapt to different environments. Differentiation: the populations can no longer interbreed.

6.3: Extinction: the environment changes and the organisms cannot survive in the new conditions.

6.4: Cladograms: displays evolutionary relationships among living species and their ancestors

6.4: Cladograms and relatedness The squirrel and the kangaroo are the most related The frog and the squirrel/kangaroo are least related

1. The process of how organisms acquire adaptations over time is called: a. evolution. b. natural selection. c. adaptation. d. selective breeding. a. evolution.

2. The relationship among living species and their ancestors is shown in: a. a timeline. b. an evolutionary diagram. c. a cladogram. d. None of the above c. a cladogram.

3. Scientists have collected many fossils of horse ancestors 3. Scientists have collected many fossils of horse ancestors. The use of fossils to trace the evolution of the horse is known as: a. comparing embryos. b. the fossil record. c. DNA analysis. d. comparative anatomy. b. the fossil record.

4. Which fossil is the oldest in the drawing to the right. a. Fossil A 4. Which fossil is the oldest in the drawing to the right? a. Fossil A b. Fossil B c. Fossil C d. Fossil D d. Fossil D

5. Scientists believe that the first life appeared over ____ on Earth in the form of tiny, single-celled prokaryotes. a. 460,000 years ago b. 2 million years ago c. 4.6 million years ago d. over 3 billion years ago d. over 3 billion years ago

6. Scientists have evidence that ____ first appeared 40,000 years ago 6. Scientists have evidence that ____ first appeared 40,000 years ago. a. primate ancestors b. mammals c. modern humans d. dinosaurs c. modern humans

7. Scientists believe that the earliest cells on Earth were simple, and that over time, more complex cells developed from these simple cells. This describes: a. evolution. b. artificial selection. c. comparing embryos. d. the fossil record. a. evolution.

8. As a populations’ habitat changes over time, which species would have a better chance of survival? a. A species with a high level of variation b. A species with a low level of variation c. A species that rarely mutates d. A species that feeds only on one type of food a. A species with a high level of variation

9. The picture shows the same piece of anatomy for 4 different species 9. The picture shows the same piece of anatomy for 4 different species. The structures shown are referred to as: a. homologous structures. b. analogous structures. c. vertebrates. d. arms. a. homologous structures.

10. Evidence for evolution can be found in: a. comparative anatomy. b 10. Evidence for evolution can be found in: a. comparative anatomy. b. the fossil record. c. DNA analysis. d. All of the above d. All of the above

11. When studying DNA base sequences of different species, it is known that species that share: a. fewer similarities are more closely related. b. fewer similarities have an evolutionary relationship that is close. c. more similarities are more closely related. d. more similarities are more distantly related. c. more similarities are more closely related.

12. Most fossils are dug from: a. Earth’s crust. b 12. Most fossils are dug from: a. Earth’s crust. b. Sedimentary rock layers. c. Earth’s outermost layer. d. All of the above d. All of the above

13. All of the following are usually required for fossil formation EXCEPT: a. an organism’s body is quickly covered in sediments. b. more and more sediments cover the remains over time. c. an organism’s body is slowly covered in sediments. d. the chemicals in the body parts are replaced with rock-like minerals. c. an organism’s body is slowly covered in sediments.

14. Why are cells considered evidence for evolution. a 14. Why are cells considered evidence for evolution? a. Cells are not considered to be evidence for evolution. b. There are a large variety of cells in organisms. c. There are striking similarities among all cells. d. All cells are traced back to different origins. c. There are striking similarities among all cells.

15. In the cladogram to the right, which two species have the weakest evolutionary relationship? a. Kangaroo and Snake b. Squirrel and Frog c. Squirrel and Kangaroo d. Squirrel and Snake b. Squirrel and Frog

16. What type of structures are bird wings and moth wings. a 16. What type of structures are bird wings and moth wings? a. Similar structures b. Homologous structures c. Ancestral structures d. Analogous structures d. Analogous structures

17. Certain lizards have coloring that allows them to blend into the background of their environment to hide from predators. This is an example of a(n): a. homologous structure. b. behavioral characteristic. c. adaptation. d. evolutionary mechanism. c. adaptation.

18. The fossil record is incomplete because: a 18. The fossil record is incomplete because: a. many ancient species did not fossilize. b. scientists have not devoted effort and funding for fossil digs. c. many fossils are found deep on the ocean’s floor. d. All of the above a. many ancient species did not fossilize.

c. Earth was formed very slowly over a long period of time. 19. What did Charles Darwin learn from geologists that helped develop his theories about evolution? a. Artificial selection is the mechanism of evolution. b. Populations must have excess food available. c. Earth was formed very slowly over a long period of time. d. Darwin did not believe geologists’ theories. c. Earth was formed very slowly over a long period of time.

20. Another name for selective breeding is: a. artificial selection. b 20. Another name for selective breeding is: a. artificial selection. b. natural selection. c. homologous selection. d. genetic engineering. a. artificial selection.

21. Which statement that follows was NOT part of Darwin’s conclusions 21. Which statement that follows was NOT part of Darwin’s conclusions? a. Organisms change over time b. Evolution is gradual, taking place over a long time. c. Evolution takes place over a short time. d. All organisms are descended from common ancestors by a process of branching. c. Evolution takes place over a short time.

a. Humans have a tendency to grow faster than their food supply. 22. What was Thomas Malthus’ argument that helped support Darwin’s ideas about evolution? a. Humans have a tendency to grow faster than their food supply. b. Humans have a tendency to grow slower than their food supply. c. Food supplies have a tendency to grow faster than human populations. d. Overproduction of food causes flourishing populations. a. Humans have a tendency to grow faster than their food supply.

23. What happens when species produce too many offspring. a 23. What happens when species produce too many offspring? a. Species share the limited resources. b. Species eat less so that all can survive. c. Only those that are least fit can survive. d. Only those that are best fit can survive. d. Only those that are best fit can survive.

24. Which statement is true of natural selection. a 24. Which statement is true of natural selection? a. It is the same process as artificial selection. b. It is the mechanism of evolution. c. Animal and plant breeders select desired traits to produce changes in a species. d. It is a much shorter process than artificial selection. b. It is the mechanism of evolution.

25. Which of the following is an example of artificial selection. a 25. Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? a. The loss of the dodo bird b. The finches of Galapagos c. The armadillo d. The breeding of dogs d. The breeding of dogs