LECTURE 8 Changing Attitudes (and Behaviours) Administration Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of the Persuasion Don’t Vote clip Break Cialdini’s Six Principles of Persuasion 7) Next Classes

Persuasion The process by which a message induces change in feelings, attitudes, or behaviours. How do we get people to feel, believe, and do what we want them to feel, believe, and do?

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Elaboration Likelihood Model Persuasion via the Central Route: A focus on the actual content of the arguments that stimulates thinking about the new attitude (also known as systematic processing) Persuasion via the Peripheral Route: Acceptance is triggered by incidental cues (e.g., attractiveness of the speaker) without much thinking (also known as heuristic-based processing)

Increasing Minimum Wage Central Route Peripheral Route Great arguments. I’m convinced! He sounds smart. I’m convinced!

Central Route Peripheral Route

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Motivation x Ability Motivation to process the arguments Factors related to motivation that influence the likelihood that you will elaborate on the issues Personal relevance Responsibility for evaluating message Need for Cognition/Need for Closure Incongruent information

Motivation x Ability Ability to process the arguments Factors related to ability that influence if you can process the information in the arguments Message clarity Repeating the message Distraction/time pressure Channel of communication (print) Individual differences in intelligence

Motivation x Ability Motivated Yes No Yes central Ability to Process

Argument quality is important to the Central Route: Strong arguments – make you more favourable toward the object/issue Weak arguments – make you less favourable toward the object/issue

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Attitudes changed via the Central Route are: Stronger Attitudes: longer lasting more predictive of behavior more resistant to change

Motivation x Ability Motivated Yes No Yes peripheral Ability to Process No peripheral peripheral

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Argument quality is less important to the Peripheral Route: Strong arguments and weak arguments can have the same effect. Strong arguments are less impactful. Weak arguments are less damaging.

Attitudes changed via the Peripheral Route are: Weaker attitudes: less longer lasting; more temporary less predictive of behaviour less resistant to other people trying to influence our attitudes

Ingredients of Persuasive Appeal Yale Attitude Change Approach Communicator (who said it?) Message (what was said?) Audience (to whom?)

Communicator Credibility Attractiveness Expertise Trustworthiness/Self-Interest Likeability Attractiveness Physical Appeal Similarity

Message (besides quality of arguments) Two-sided versus one-sided arguments Two-sided are better if you can refute the other side Emotion positive feelings (peripheral processing) fear (motivating especially if have plan) Discrepancy (latitude of acceptance) Credibility of communicator Involvement of audience Primacy versus recency Primacy normally better

Message – Primacy/Recency Primacy Effects: Information presented first has the most influence Message1…Message2…………….….Response Recency Effects: Information presented last has the most influence Message 1…………………Message2…Response

Audience What are they thinking? The ability and motivation to counter-argue is the key to whether persuasion works (via the central route) Forewarned Distraction Involvement Need for Cognition/Need for Closure Innoculation

NEED FOR COGNITION A personality variable reflecting the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities. Sample Items: I usually end up deliberating about issues even when they do not affect me personally. I only think as hard as I have to. (R)

NEED FOR CLOSURE A personality variable reflecting the desire to possess some knowledge on a given topic, any definite knowledge as opposed to confusion and ambiguity. Sample Items: I usually make important decisions quickly and confidently. I feel uncomfortable when someone’s meaning or intention is unclear to me.

ATTITUDE INNOCULATION The process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position.

Don’t Vote Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vtHwWReGU0

Yale Attitude Change Approach 1. Communicator (who said it?) Credibility (Expert, Trustworthy/Self-Interest, Likeability) Attractiveness (Physical Appeal, Similarity) 2. Message (what was said?) Two-sided versus one-sided arguments Emotion (Positive Feelings, Fear) Discrepancy 3. Audience (to whom?) The ability and motivation to counter-argue (Forewarned, Involvement, Inoculation)

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Voter Turnout in 2008 US Election 2012 – 55% 2008 – 57% 2004 – 56% 2000 – 50% 1996 – 49% *** How did voter turnout influence the 2008 US election? What was the ad really about?

Voter Turnout in Canadian Federal Elections October 2015 – 69% 2011 – 61% 2008 – 59% (lowest in Canadian history) 2006 – 65% 2004 – 61% 2000 – 64% 1997 – 67%

Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion Robert Cialdini (2001) – Participant Observer

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Consistency After you commit yourself to a position, you are more likely to comply with requests consistent with that position. foot-in-the door bait and switch low-ball legitimizing paltry favors how are you feeling technique

Foot-in-door Presented with a small request (that almost everyone would agree to), followed by a larger request Operates due to the consistency principle (if I act in a certain way initially, I have to continue to act in a similar way)

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Social Validation You use others as a standard of comparison, especially if they are similar to you. List technique Littering studies (Cialdini, Reno & Kallgren, 1990) Norms Salience of norms (whether notice norms or not)

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) 2. Social Validation Iron Eyes Cody Ad https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7OHG7tHrNM Effective in reducing littering? Injunctive norms vs Descriptive norms How improve this ad?

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Reciprocity You are more willing to comply with a request if someone has previously provided you with a favor or concession. Reciprocation of favours Name stickers, flower seeds, Reciprocation of concessions Door in face

Door-in-the-face Cialdini et al., 1975 Delinquent kids study Presented with a LARGE request (expected to refuse), followed by a smaller, more reasonable request (expected to accept) Operates due to the reciprocity norm (if I do something nice for you, you should do something nice for me)

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) 4. Friendship/Liking You are more likely to comply with a request from a friend or someone you like. Tupperware, Lingerie, Jewelry Parties Neighbourhood Breast Cancer Garage Sale Save the Children Campaign

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Scarcity – limit on products, time, etc. Things seem more valuable if the opportunities to buy them are scarce in time or amount. Boxing Day/Black Friday Only This Weekend! Gone is gone

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Authority You are more willing to comply to a request from a legitimate authority. Milgram studies next lecture, military, etc.

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) If you wanted to get some money from your parents, would you first: ask for $20 and then ask for $100 (start small) or would you b) ask for $100 and then ask for $20 (start big) Door in Face Principle of Reciprocity of Concessions

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) If you want to get someone to help you move, would you first: tell them you only have a few things and then later tell them you have a lot (start small) or would you tell them that you have a lot and then later tell them that you only have a few things (start big) Foot in Door Principle of Consistency

Six Persuasion Principles Robert Cialdini (2001) Consistency (e.g., foot-in-the door) Social Validation (actions/attitudes of others) Reciprocity (of favors and concessions) Friendship/liking Scarcity Authority

Next Class Class 9: Conformity and Group Dynamics (March 3rd) Reading material: Chapter 7: Conformity: Influencing Others, pp. 192-233. Chapter 8: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups, pp. 234-269.