Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Condensate System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Boiler System Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Pretreatment Make-up Water Primary Secondary Pretreatment Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Deaerator Boiler Chemical Feed Systems Feedwater Blowdown

Types of Pretreatment Equipment

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer Dealkalizers

Types of Pretreatment Equipment Primary Clarifiers Lime Soda Softener Sodium Zeolite Softener Secondary Demineralizer Dealkalizers Reverse Osmosis

Scale

Purpose of a Softener

Purpose of a Softener Remove Hardness Minerals from Raw Water

Purpose of a Softener Remove Hardness Minerals from Raw Water Reduce Chemical Usage

How Does a Softener Work

Softener Ca, Mg Na, Na

Ion Exchange Process Calcium Magnesium Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium

Ion Exchange Process Calcium Calcium Magnesium Calcium Sodium Sodium

Why is Salt Used?

Why is Salt Used? Sodium is Very Soluble, Will Not Form Scale

Why is Salt Used? Sodium is Very Soluble, Will Not Form Scale Very Inexpensive

Softener Inspection

Softener Internals Softener Brine Tank

Resin Depth 30 - 36 in. Brine Tank

Freeboard 15- 18 in. Brine Tank

Inlet Water Distribution Header Brine Tank

Brine Distribution System Tank

Support Media Brine Tank

How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly?

How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly? Check Hardness of Water Leaving Softener

How Can You Tell if Your Softener is Not Working Correctly? Check Hardness of Water Leaving Softener Check Amount of Treated Water Between Regenerations

How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem?

How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem? Check Softener Regeneration Cycle

How Can You Find Out What’s Causing the Problem? Check Softener Regeneration Cycle Make a Visual Inspection of Softener Internals

Four Steps of Softener Regeneration

Four Steps of Softener Regeneration Fast Rinse Backwash Brining Slow Rinse

Purpose of Backwashing Remove Mud, Sand, Dirt Remove Broken Resin Beads

Backwash Flow Rate

Critical Part of Backwashing Dirt and Broken Resin Beads Must Reach Top of Water Distribution Header.

A Successful Backwash 50% Expansion of Resin Bed 8-15 gpm/sq. ft. 10-20 min.. Clear Water

Backwash Flow Rate Resin Check

Four Steps of Softener Regeneration Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse

Brining Dilution Water 2 3 1 Salt Solution 4

Purpose of Brining

Purpose of Brining Remove Hardness Minerals from Resin Beads Replenish Sodium Ions on Resin

Critical Part of Brining There Must Be Enough Salt to Force the Calcium and Magnesium Off the Resin

A Successful Brining Used 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin

A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Food of Resin Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight)

A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs. of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight). Has a Minimum Softener Brine Concentration (After Dilution) of 30 Salometer (8% by weight)

A Successful Brining Uses 6-15 lbs of Salt per Cubic Foot of Resin Has a Brine Tank Salt Concentration of 98 to 100° Salometer (or 27-29% by Weight). Has a Minimum Softener Brine Concentration (After Dilution) of 30 Salometer (8% by weight) Maintains a Brine Concentration of 30° Salometer for 30 Minutes

Brine Tank

Salometer

Measuring Brine Strength

Good Brining Cycle Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40 30 Minutes at 30 Salometer Degrees 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes

What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes

What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes

What’s Wrong Here? Salometer Degrees Time - Minutes 40 20 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time - Minutes

Four Steps of Softener Regeneration Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse

Slow Rinse

Purpose of the Slow Rinse Push Salt All the Way Through the Softener

A Successful Slow Rinse Is at the Same Rate as Brining

Four Steps of Softener Regeneration Backwash Fast Rinse Brining Slow Rinse

Fast Rinse

Purpose of the Fast Rinse Remove Excess Salt from the Softener Before it Goes Back On-Line

A Successful Fast Rinse Uses 40-50 gals. of Rinse Water per Cubic Foot of Resin Uses the Same Flow Rate at Which the Softener Operates

Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals

Not Plugged, Corrosion Free and Level

Header Parallel to Resin Surface

Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depth of Resin Bed

30-36 Inches Deep 15-18 Inches of Freeboard

Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depth of Resin Bed Surface of the Resin

Short Circulating

Channeling

Unleveled Bed

Things to Look for During a Mechanical Inspection Distribution Ports and Regenerant Laterals Depths of Resin Bed Surface of the Resin Sample of the Resin

Resin Sampling

Clean Resin

Fouled Resin

Clean Resin - 100x

Clean Resin - 2000x

Iron Fouled Resin - 100x

Iron Fouled Resin - 2000x

Consequences of Poor Softener Operation

Consequences of Poor Softener Operation Energy Wasted By Boiler Scale Excessive Chemical Treatment Costs Wasted Salt and Water from Poor Regenerations

Dealkallizers

Purpose of a Dealkalizer

Purpose of a Dealkalizer Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water

Purpose of a Dealkalizer Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water Reduce Neutralizing Amine Usage

Purpose of a Dealkalizer Remove Alkalinity from Raw Water Reduce Neutralizing Amine Usage Reduce Condensate Corrosion

How Does a Dealkalizer Work?

Ion Exchange Process Bicarbonate Alkalinity Chloride Chloride Chloride

Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Ion Exchange Process Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Bicarbonate Chloride

Reverse Osmosis

Osmosis P1 H2O Strong Solution H2O Water H2O H2O

Reverses Osmosis P1 H2O Strong Solution H2O Water H2O H2O

Typical RO Performance Constituent, mg/l Raw Finished Hardness, as CaCO3 Alkalinity, as CaCO3 Total Electrolyte, as CaCO3 Silica, as SiO2 pH CO2 380 215 445 45 7.2 25 20 16 29 3 6.0 25

R.O. Fouling Can Be Caused By: Microbial Slime Inorganic Precipitates Treatment is Similar to That of an Evaporative Cooling Tower

Periodic Cleaning is Important to: Insure R.O. Efficiency

Typical Cleaning Solutions Mild Acid Solutions Caustic Solutions Chelate Solutions

Applications Purity Drinking Water Waste Water Treatment Chemical Reclamation Pharmaceutical Processes Solids Reduction of Boiler Feedwater with TDS 800 or Higher Abas taher