Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Algae Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 1 Live in/near water sources http://www.eplantscience.com/botanical_biotechnology_biology_chemistry/images/Plant%20organisms/Green_algae/Chlorophyta_large.jpg, http://www.californiasciencecenter.org/Exhibits/WorldOfEcology/ForestZone/KelpForest/images/Island-kelp-forest.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Red_algae.jpg,

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 2 Lack vascular tissue http://universe-review.ca/I10-24-vascular.jpg, http://en.es-static.us/upl/2012/03/seaweed.jpeg

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 3 Some unicellular, some colonial, most multicellular http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volv3sm.jpg, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_ulvlac.jpg

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 4 Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual and asexual stages http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 5 Well-adapted to life in water Thin leaf-like structures (~2 cells thick) Movement of materials into the organism is through diffusion No stems Ease of sexual reproduction http://www.mrcorfe.com/KS4/Edexcel/Biology/B2-1-LivingCells/images/DiffusionCell.jpg

Multicellular Algae Characteristic 6 Adapted to life in the intertidal zone Cell wall of cellulose and gel-like sugar (slimy and rubbery) Some have CaCO3 http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_01_img0122.jpg

Algal groups in phycology According to: Chlorophyll and accessory pigments Form in which food is stored Multicellular Algae Division Rhodophyta Division Phaeophyta Division Chlorophyta

Division Rhodophyta (Red algae) Habitat Some freshwater, most marine Polar regions, tropics Up to ~260 m depth Pigments Chl a (all) phycoerythrin absorbs blue light appears green, pink, red, purple, black Food reserve: Floridean starch Mostly multicellular; no flagella and centrioles Chondrus crispus, Irish moss Lithothamnion glaciale http://www.biopix.nl/Temp/JCS%20Chondrus%20crispus%2015579.jpg, http://www.uwphoto.no/500/esv151cd221.jpg, http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/porphyra.jpg Porphyra  nori

Division Phaeophyta (Brown algae) Habitat Mostly marine Cool, shallow coastal waters of temperate/arctic areas Pigments Chl a and c fucoxanthin Dusky olive/yellow-brown Food reserve: laminarin All multicellular; largest and most complex algae Macrocystis pyrifera, giant kelp http://s1.hubimg.com/u/4873716_f260.jpg, http://www.ohio.edu/plantbio/vislab/algaeimage/jpegs/Sarg.JPG, http://www.deepseaimages.com/dsilibrary/data/683/22003_0208_125426aa_1_1.jpg Padina

Phaeophyta structures Thallus (pl. thalli) “sprout”- plantlike seaweed body holdfast – attachment stipe – stemlike support blade – surface for photosynthesis bladder – flotation, keeps blades near surface http://ez002.k12.sd.us/kelpai.jpg

SEXUAL Reproduction in Fucus Only multicellular part of the life cycle http://plantphys.info/organismal/lechtml/images/fucuslc.gif

DIvision Chlorophyta (green algae) Habitat: Freshwater/marine/moist areas Pigments: Chl a and b, carotenoids Food reserve: starch Cell wall of cellulose Unicellular/colonial/multicellular Ancestors of modern land plants Volvox http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/invertimages/chlamy.gif, http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgdec03/volvoxbirth2.jpg, http://www.aphotomarine.com/images/seaweed/green_seaweed_sea_lettuce_ulva_linza_17-03-09.jpg Ulva

Unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas Ponds, ditches 2 flagella Cup-shaped chloroplast Pyrenoid at base synthesizes and stores starch 2 small contractile vacuoles Eyespot Cell wall not made of cellulose http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-greenalgae1.jpg, http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Green_jpegs/Chlamydomonas_Key100.jpg

colonial green algae Gonium 4-42 identical cells living together but functioning independently Volvox 500-50,000 cells arranged in hollow spheres Most cells identical; few produce gametes Oedogonium Threadlike colonies Holdfast cell attached to lake/pond bottom Asexual reproduction: broken filaments divide and grow Sexual reproduction: formation of gametes http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Gonium/sp_2a.jpg, http://anugrahjuni.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/oedogonium2.gif

multicellular green algae Ulva Intertidal zone of marine habitats Truly multicellular 2-cells thick but tough http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_bQO5DdNy04g/S_3l_CGS8rI/AAAAAAAADgs/sCQ9cyg6lu0/s1600/i1023ulva.jpg

Reproduction in chlorophyta Alternation of generations Diploid  haploid stages Asexual  sexual modes of reproduction Asexual  spore* formation Sexual  gamete* formation * Both are haploid reproductive cells Haploid, N Diploid, 2N http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Haploid_vs_diploid.svg

Reproduction in chlamydomonas (unfavorable conditions) 2N  N N  N Dominant stage Fertilization/Syngamy Isogamy http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/chlamydomonasrepro.jpg

Reproduction in ulva Multicellular haploid stages with Multicellular diploid stage with sporangia that produce spores N  N 2N  N Multicellular haploid stages with gametangia that produce gametes

Ecology of Algae “grasses of the sea” home to marine organisms source of oxygen source of pharmaceuticals food products algin from brown algae carageenan and agar from red algae non-food products Chlorella Dunaliella Lithothamnium Laminaria Porphyra Nori Undaria Wakame Kombu