1. DOMAIN EUKARYA KINGDOM PROTISTA II

2. Multicellular Protista (Red, Brown, & Green algae)  Major primary producers in aquatic systems  Provide home for microorganisms and fishes  The red and brown algae are primary multicellular and mostly marine organisms  Green algae contain many unicellular and mostly freshwater  Cellulose is found in the cell wall of the three phyla among others  Green algae store carbs as starch in the chloroplasts  Red algae store food as floridean & brown algae as laminarin, outside the chloroplast  Red algae lack flagella

3. Origins of chloroplast in Algae  Chloroplast of red algae resembles that of Cyanobacteria [Chl(a), carotenoid, phycobilins]  Chloroplasts of green algae, Euglenoids, & plants resemble that of Prochloron [Chl(a), (b), carotenoids]  Chloroplast of brown algae, Chrysophytes, & diatoms have the same origin! All have Chl a, c, & fucoxanthin.

4. 1. Brown Algae: Phylum Phaeophyta  Prefer cold agitated, well aerated water (temperate regions)  Common on rocky shores (intertidal zones)  They have a complex anatomy & morphology**  Cell wall contain cellulose & alginic acid (not in other algae)  Reserve food is Laminarin  Range from small filamentous to large multicellular organisms BA

5. Examples of brown algae that grow in intertidal (shoreline) zone Rockweed BA Kelp Holdfast Stipe

6. The giant kelps - Are examples of brown algae that grow in deep clear waters (up to 30m) - Brown & red algae provide food (SE Asia) BA

7. Kelp, giant seaweed Blade Stipe Holdfast BA

8. Brown Algae: Ectocarpus http://www.dipbot.unict.it/sistematica/Ectoc_pl.html Plurilocular Sporangium

9. 2. Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)  Include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular organisms  They are resilient & survive many types of disturbances  Mainly freshwater organisms  Closely related to plants because: Have chlorophylls a, b, & carotenoids Store reserve food as starch in the chloroplast Cell wall contains cellulose

10. Class Chlorophyceae  The only living organisms in which cell division involves a phycoplast (Cleavage furrow)phycoplast  Zygotic meiosis  Mostly freshwater organisms  Produce red, orange, & green snow  Have flagellated and nonflagellated forms GA

11. Chlorophyceae Phycoplast It insures that cleavage furrow passes between the daughter cells Cell plateCleavage furrow

12. Motile Unicellular Chlorophyceae  Chlamydomonas: Unicellular  Move by means of two flagella**  Asexual reproduction: haploid cells divide by mitosis producing up to 16 cells  Sexual reproduction** GA

13. Chlamedomonas

14. Motile Unicellular Chlorophyceae GA  Sexual reproduction induced by nitrogen starvation

15. Motile Colonial Chlorophyceae - A colony is an aggregate of independent cells - Daughter colonies detach & form new colonies - Cells’ flagella beat in a coordinate fashion GA

16. Motile Colonial Chlorophyceae http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Bot480/Volvocale s%20table%20of%20web%20links.htm

17. Nonmotile Unicellular Chlorophyceae  Example: Chlorella: Lacks flagella, eyespots, and contractile vacuoles  Live in fresh, salt water, and in soil  Reproduce only asexually (mitosis) GA algae.tcoalternativefuels.com/about-algae

18. Nonmotile Unicellular Chlorophyceae Chlorococcum oleofaciens Filled with asexual spores

19. Nonmotile colonial Chlorophyceae:  Example Hydrodictyon (water net)  in ponds, lakes, and streams GA http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Hydrodictyon/

20. Filamentous Chlorophyceae:  Example Oedogonium**  Filamentous green algae are more complex  Each cell has a specific function  Cells are connected by plasmodesmata like plants  Sexual reproduction is oogamous, meiosis is zygotic GA

21. O. gracilius http://vis-pc.plantbio.ohiou.edu/Hocking/photos/Oed.html OOgonium

22. Class Ulvophyceae:  Examples: Cladophora and Ulva**  Marine organisms  The only green algae with sporic meiosis  Unlike other green algae, they rarely form dormant zygospores GA

23. Ulvophyceae: Chladophora http://www.gettysburg.edu/~rcavalie/bda_i/091.html http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cladoph.htm

24. Ulvophyceae Sea lettuce ( Ulva ) The thallus is two cells thick and up to a meter long GA

25. Class Charophyceae  Unicellular, filamentous, and parenchymatous genera  Zygotic meiosis  a. Spirogyra: (freshwater habitats) GA

26.  No flagellated stage in its life cycle  Asexual reproduction by fragmentation  Sexual reproduction via conjugation  This forms a zygote which undergo meiosis Conjugation Union of two cells during which genetic material is exchanged GA

27. Plants evolved from an extinct member of Charophycease (Coleochaetales & Charales)!  b. Chara (stoneworts) resembles ancestor of land plants!  Like plants they have apical growth (differentiated into nodal & internodal regions)  Produce antheridia & archegonia  Sperms are flagellated  Similar cytokinesis http://www.aquaweed.com/chara.htm GA

28. Cytokinesis in Charophyceae C. In simple Charophytes: Cytokinesis occurs by furrowing D. In advanced Charophytes: like plants (cell plate & plant- like phragmoplast. Spindles not persistent Phragmoplast found in all green algae except chlorophyceae

29. 3. Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta  Marine organisms, common to tropical & warm water  Differ from other algae and plants in that: Contain phycobilin pigments (red), Chloroplasts do not form grana stacks Food reserves is floridean outside the chloroplast Cell wall contain cellulose (galactans), calcium carbonate, lack plasmodesmata  Almost all red algae are multicellular  Have no flagellated forms  The source of agar (mucilage material in cell wall) RA

30. Red Algae: Bonnemaisonia asparagoides RA http://www.horta.uac.pt/species/Algae/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides.htm

31. Red Algae: Bonnemaisonia spp RA http://www.horta.uac.pt/species/Algae/Bonnemaisonia_asparag oides/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides.htm

32. Red Algae: Red Algae: Gelidium amansii RA http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/presents/Seashore2/75.htm

33. Red Algae: Red Algae: Amphiroa carolline RA http://www.globaldialog.com/~jrice/algae_page/bush_coralline.htm

34. Can be up to 1 meter long but generally smaller and more delicate than brown algae RAChondrus crispus