How Would You Like to Live Like This? Video clip

Distribution of Global Aerosols Animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=YtJzn8A725w

Examples of Particulates and Relative Size Clean Air Carolina Examples of Particulates and Relative Size www.cleanaircarolina.org https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=n2AjfYilS88#t=23 https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=movies.index

Our Atmosphere

Outdoor Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Most Natural Stationary CO CO2 Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants SO2 NO NO2 SO3 Most hydrocarbons HNO3 H2SO4 Most suspended particles H2O2 O3 PANs SO4 Most 2 – NO3 – and salts Natural Stationary Mobile

Criteria Pollutants monitored closely by the EPA Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Tropospheric ozone (O3) Particulate matter (soot, dust, sulfates, nitrates, etc) Lead (enters as a particulate pollutant) Note on chart

https://airnow.gov/

What are the Consequences of Some Daily Activities? Air Pollutant Corresponding color/mix Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Pinch of lemonade mix Nitrous Oxides (NOx) Pinch of cocoa drink mix Carbon Monoxide (CO) One drop red food coloring Lead (Pb) One drop green food coloring Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) One drop blue food coloring Particulate Matter (PM) Pinch of ground charcoal Ozone (O3) One drop yellow food coloring

What is Your Air Quality? If the air pollution around you were this apparent, would you want to breathe the air? What other sources of air pollution beyond those mentioned in this demonstration, could you think of as being produced in a single day? How is our air a “commons”? How is this demonstration an example of the “Tragedy of the Commons?” What could you do to reduce your impact on the air we all breathe?

Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is a mixture of air pollutants formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons when they are exposed to sunlight. More than 100 primary and secondary pollutants can be formed.

Photochemical Smog (brown air smog) F

Photochemical Smog ground level ozone (O3) + other photochemical VOC + NOx + heat + sunlight oxidants + aldehydes + other secondary air pollutants Video notes

Industrial Smog – Gray Air Smog Particulates Sulfur Dioxide Sulfuric Acid

China’s Air Pollution Problem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsjANjFlK0M http://www.cbsnews.com/news/pollution-from-china-alters-weather-in-us-west/

Temperature Inversions During daylight hours, the sun warms the ground which warms the air near the Earth’s surface. The warm air rises as more dense cool air displaces it. Any pollution in the air normally disperses in the turbulence caused by the mixing of the air. Temperature Inversion occurs when a layer of warm air traps the layer of cool air near the Earth’s surface. Pollutants are not dispersed but continue to build up in the still, stagnant air. Video notes

Temperature Inversions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKW0bW1WVEY

Los Angeles Descending warm air mass Inversion layer Increasing altitude Sea breeze Mountain range Decreasing temperature Sea breezes keep the air and pollution onshore, and the mountains prevent the air from escaping. The cold air aloft acts as a lid.

Emission Reduction

Electrostatic Precipitator Cleaned gas Electrodes Dust discharge Dirty gas

Bags Baghouse Filter Cleaned gas Dirty gas Dust discharge

Cleaned gas Dirty gas Cyclone Separator Dust discharge

Dirty gas Cleaned gas Clean water Wet gas Dirty water Wet Scrubber - Remove 98% of SO2 and particulate matter

Solutions Motor Vehicle Pollutions Prevention Cleanup Mass transit Emission control devices Bicycles and walking Improve fuel efficiency Less polluting fuels Less polluting engines Get older, polluting cars off the road Car exhaust Inspections twice a year Give buyers tax write- offs for buying low- polluting, energy- efficient vehicles Stricter emission standards Restrict driving in polluted areas

Carpooling???? Videio notes

Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Solutions Air Pollution Reduce poverty Prevention Cleanup Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use Distribute cheap and efficient cookstoves to poor families in developing countries Rely more on lower-polluting natural gas Rely more on renewable energy (especially solar cells, wind, and solar-produced hydrogen) Reduce or ban indoor smoking Develop simple and cheap test for indoor pollutants such as particulates, radon, and formaldehyde Transfer technologies for latest energy efficiency, renewable energy, and pollution prevention to developing countries.

How Can Laws Be Improved? Rely on pollution prevention rather than cleanup. Increase fuel efficiency standards for cars, SUVs and light trucks. Regulate the emissions from inefficient 2 cycle engines (lawnmowers, leaf blowers, jet skis, outboard motors, etc) Regulate pollution from oceangoing ships in American ports. Amend the Clean Air Laws to deal with emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Better enforcement of the Clean Air Act